In a compelling lecture for the Canadian Macedonian Historical Society on May 18, 2008, historian Risto Stefov detailed the systemic destabilization and eventual partition of Macedonia between 1878 and 1913. He argued that Macedonia's fate was dictated by the "Great Powers" and neighboring monarchies who prioritized economic corridors and territorial expansion over the self-determination of the Macedonian people. By utilizing "soft power" cultural propaganda through foreign schools and churches, and subsequently exploiting the failed 1903 Ilinden Uprising, these external forces transitioned from "liberators" to occupiers during the Balkan Wars. The presentation concluded with the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest, a document signed without Macedonian representation that institutionalized the division of the homeland into Aegean, Vardar, and Pirin Macedonia, initiating a century of displacement and a persistent struggle for the recognition of Macedonian identity.