Front Matter - Part 01

My Family and the Macedonian Community in Canada, My Life Story Моeто семејство и Македонската Заедница во Канада, мојата животна приказна

(1939 – 1985)

The John Givens Story By John Givens Controversies in the Development of the Macedonian Community in North America

(1939 – 1985)

The John Givens Story Published by:

Risto Stefov Publications rstefov@hotmail.com Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review.

********** November 21, 2017

********** Editing Christina Givens Lamont Risto Stefov Translations John Givens Risto Stefov Contributions Christina Givens Lamont Risto Stefov Acknowledgements It is my wish to express my deepest appreciation to all those who encouraged me and helped me to make this book a reality.

Special thanks to my wife Cena for putting up with me while doing my research and for asking so many questions. Also, many thanks to my daughter Christina and to my friend Risto for their help in making this book possible.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication............................................................................................................... 8 Посветеност ........................................................................................................... 8 Introduction............................................................................................................. 9 Preamble ............................................................................................................... 16 My old world - Oshchima..................................................................................... 17 An incident from my youth................................................................................... 18 Memories of my birthplace Oshchima.................................................................. 19 My father, the Italian front and the Greek Civil War ........................................... 22 Италиjанскиот Фронт и Граѓанската Војна во Грција .................................... 23 Our Tragedy.......................................................................................................... 24 Нашата трагедија ................................................................................................ 26 Our first parting with my mother became eternal................................................. 28 Првата наша разделба сo мајка ми стана вечна разделба ............................... 29 My journey from Oshchima to Budapest, Hungary.............................................. 30 Мoетo патување oд Oшчима дo Будимпешта, Унгарија................................. 32 My reunion with my brother Petre in Poland in 1949 .......................................... 35 Нашето повторно обединување со брат ми Петре во Полска ........................ 37 My integration into the Macedonian community in Canada ................................ 38 The Macedonians and the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913......................................... 39 Macedonia’s establishment and the Macedonian Church..................................... 40 Greek propaganda in Canada................................................................................ 40 Bishop Naum's first visit to Toronto in 1962........................................................ 41 Address given by Don Pappas .............................................................................. 45 Cornerstone........................................................................................................... 55 Гoвoр на Дон Паппас .......................................................................................... 56 How much did the building of St. Clement of Ohrid Church cost?...................... 58 St. Clement of Ohrid Macedonian Orthodox Church 5 year loans at 6%............. 61 Guarantors re-bank loan 1964............................................................................... 62 The Executive Board and the Holy Synod Delegation in 1965............................ 63 From our history ................................................................................................... 68 Relations between the St. Clement Church Board and the United Macedonians (1963-1965)........................................................................................................... 71 General meeting of members................................................................................ 75 Мојот Учител и драг пријател отец Атанас Попов.......................................... 78 Едно од многуте писма од Отец Атанас Попов ............................................... 79 My teacher and dear friend Very Rev. Atanas K. Popov...................................... 82 One of the many letters from Father Atanas Popov, dated March 8, 1972, Bitola83 John Givens, a Bazelovec? ................................................................................... 84 Ilinden In Light of St. Clement's 1050 Anniversary Jubilee.................................

85 Илинден во очите на 1050тата годишнина од Св. Климентовиот јубилеј .... 89 Ilinden Picnics and the opposition - Bulgarians and Greeks ................................ 92 The 1964 Ilinden Picnic and a road incident I will never forget .......................... 93 A call from the United Macedonians Canadian Committee 1903 remember Ilinden picnic Sunday August 1, 1965 .............................................................................. 94 Мојот први говор-реферат на Илинденските прослави на 1ви Август 1965г.

Во Фантаси Ленд Парк во Витби, Онтарио...................................................... 95 The 1965 Ilinden picnic - a success story with a twist ......................................... 97 6% loan notes interest payments........................................................................... 98 Ilinden celebrations in Macedonia and the participation of the United Macedonians Canadian Committee .................................................................... 101 The decision to form the First Macedonian Diocese for North America and Australia by the Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia His Eminence Dositej and my Involvement .................................................................................................. 103 On the occasion of the Ilinden Anniversary, in 1968, I spoke at the Grave of the Undefeated, in Prilep .......................................................................................... 104 МОЈАТА ПРВА ПОСЕТА НА МАКЕДОНИЈА ............................................ 105 From the history of our Diocese ......................................................................... 107 Folklore Group Makedonka at St. Clement of Ohrid Church............................. 108 The First Assembly of the Macedonian Orthodox Church of the American, Canadian and Australian Diocese in Toronto ..................................................... 109 Првото Епархиско Собрање на Македонската Православна Црква на Американско- Канадска и Австралиска Епархија во Торонто..................... 112 Letter from Dr. Nurigiani to the “United Macedonians Organization” .............. 116 Писмoтo oд Нуриџани дo oрганизацијата Oбединети Македoнци .............. 117 From the House of Immigrants of Macedonia to the United Macedonians of Toronto................................................................................................................ 117 Матица на иселениците од Македонија Јунајтед Маседониан Торонто..... 118 Official opening of the Convention .................................................................... 119 My acceptance speech at the United Macedonians of North America Convention ............................................................................................................................. 124 Comm. Prof. Dott. Giorgio Nurigiani................................................................. 125 The illegal meeting of the United Macedonians of North America Toronto Branch March 7, 1971 ..................................................................................................... 126 The Convention minutes..................................................................................... 128 The following is Anton Pavlov’s letter of resignation........................................ 129 The formation of the splinter group United Macedonians of Canada Toronto Branch and the expulsion from the United Macedonians of North America ..... 129 First Convention, United Macedonians of North America, Toronto, Canada -Statement of Income and Expenditures, September 1970 .................................. 133 Ilinden Picnic 1970 ............................................................................................. 137 United Macedonians Toronto Branch Statement of Income and Expenditures.. 138 Извинување и Повлекување............................................................................. 141 Once a Liar, You Remain a Liar!........................................................................ 142 Academic Haralampie Polenakovich - Greetings from our Fatherland.............. 144 Академик д-р Харалампие Поленаковиќ - Поздрав од Татковината........... 148 Hristo Andonovski- Balkan Solidarity in the Past.............................................. 153 Христо Андоновски - Балканската Солидарност во Минатото ................... 159 Academic Giorgio Nurigiani’s speech................................................................ 165 Говор на Академик Џорџо Нуриџани .............................................................

168 Polenakovich - educational and scientific life - Republic of Macedonia ........... 172 Поленаковиќ - Просветниот и научниот живот во Република Македонија 180 Просвета и наука во Република Македонија.................................................. 184 United Macedonians after the 1970 Convention ................................................ 189 After the split of the Toronto Branch of the United Macedonians of North America............................................................................................................... 189 Gadjovich’s presidency....................................................................................... 191 Attempts at Reconciliation – August 6th, 1973 - Minutes of Meeting............... 193 Записник ............................................................................................................ 200 One of my many keynote speeches at the Ilinden Picnic.................................... 207 Еден oд мoите реферати на Илинденските манифестации ........................... 209 Father Dragi Kostandinovski's farewell party .................................................... 211 Yugoslav-izam among the immigrants ............................................................... 212 Југoслoвенизмoт вo иселеништвoтo................................................................ 214 Letter written by Spiro Bassil Vasileff on August 15, 1973............................... 217 My experience with my November 30, 1980 election for Church President...... 220 The following are the Minutes of the General Election Meeting that took place on November 30th, 1980.......................................................................................... 222 After the elections............................................................................................... 226 Pandovski's reaction to our request..................................................................... 228 Call for a general membership meeting by the outgoing Board of Directors January 4, 1981 ................................................................................................... 228 Повик за генерално членско собрание од претходниот состав на Board of Directors за 4 Јануари, 1981.............................................................................. 230 General membership meeting minutes of January, 4, 1981................................ 232 Re-birth of the 1965 anti-Synod propaganda in 1980/1981................................ 234 Повторното раѓање на анти-Синодска пропаганда од 1965 во 1980-1981г. 237 The injunction ..................................................................................................... 240 “Наредбата” ....................................................................................................... 243 1981 court case, winners and losers.................................................................... 245 Кој победи, а кој загуби во судскиот процес во 1981 год............................. 248 Relations between the Church Administration and the Organization United Macedonians of Canada in 1981-1982 ............................................................... 251 Interference of the United Macedonians of Canada, Toronto Branch, in church affairs. ................................................................................................................. 253 Планот за работа на црковната управа и Обединети Македонци ................ 257 Membership meeting November 1981 – President’s Report.............................. 260 Role of the Church Administration and the “United Macedonians” .................. 266 Улогата на црковната управа и Обединети Македонци ............................... 268 His Excellency Blagoja Popov, President of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, visits Toronto in 1982 ......................................................................................... 270 Посетата на Претседателот на Социјалистичка Република Македонија неговата екселенција Благоја Попов во Торонто...........................................

271 United Macedonians Canadian Committee ........................................................ 273 "Oбединети Македoнци Канадски Кoмитет" ................................................. 276 The Macedonian Community of Canada and its development in Canada in light of Dr. Atanas Vrazhinovski's Book “United Macedonians”................................... 280 Осврт на Македонската заедница во Канада и нејзиниот развој во Канада во книгата "Обединети Македонци" на д-р Атанас Вражиновски ................... 296 Вражиновски и неговите информатори.......................................................... 314 Greetings - the 1984 Church Assembly in Buffalo............................................. 317 Greeting words from the 1984 Church Assembly in Buffalo (in English)......... 318 Поздравен говор на црковниот собир во Бафало 1984.................................. 319 A letter from a forgotten child from the Greek Civil War of 1948 -1949 .......... 322 Заборавените Деца од Граѓанската Војна во Грција од 1948 -1949............. 322 How I got to know Mr. John Bitove Sr............................................................... 324 FROM THE ASSOCIATION OF CONCERNED MACEDONIANS THE WORLD OVER.................................................................................................. 326 Campaign of the United Macedonians of North America for the recognition by Canada of the Republic of Macedonia................................................................ 332 John Givens accused of being a Communist and a Stalinist in Canada.............. 335 Џан Гивенс кoмунистoт и сталинистoт вo Канада ........................................ 336 Мојот коментар на членското Собрание одржано во Фебруари 28/2016.... 337 E-mail from Prota Ilija Donev to John Givens ................................................... 339

2 nd e-mail from Prota Ilija Donev to John Givens .............................................. 343 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 345 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION................................................................ 347 Dedication While writing my book, I was thinking a lot about to whom I should make my dedication. Soon I came to the conclusion that I should dedicate it to the two ladies who are closest to my heart; the first of whom is our mother Christina, who brought me into this world. My mother Christina had no choice but to part from her children, very early in her life, during that dreaded year, 1948. We spent very little time together; she passed away very young, before her 38 th birthday, robbing us of the opportunity to see our mother alive again and feel the motherly love that only a mother can give. The other lady who is closest to my heart and whom I love very much, is my partner for the last 60 years; my wonderful wife, Cena Stojcheva. Together we have built our wonderful family;

our daughters, Christina, Caroline and our son Mitchell (Mike), their partners and our six grandchildren; Natasha, Rachel, Sarah, Victoria, Madeleine and our grandson Christopher - our treasures.

Посветеност Додека ја пишував мојата книга , многу размислував на кого да му ја посветам.

Наскоро дојдов до заклучок дека морам да му ја посветам на двете дами кои се најблиску до моето срце. Првата од нив е мојата мајка Кристина, која ме донесе на овој свет. Мајка ми Кристина, немаше друг избор освен да се одели од своите деца, многу рано од својот живот, во таа страшна 1948 година. Ние поминавме многу кратко време заедно, таа почина многу млада, пред својот 38ми роденден.

Предвреме бевме ограбени од можноста да ја видиме уште еднаш жива нашата мајка и ја почуствуваме мајчинската љубов која само мајка може да ја даде.

Другата дама што ми е најблиску до моето срце и која ја сакам многу, мојот партнер во последните 60 години, мојата прекрасна сопруга Цена Стоичева. Заедно изградивме прекрасно семејство, нашите ќерки, Кристина, Каролина и нашиот син Михаил (Мајк), нивните сопрузи и нашите шест внучиња. Нашата Наташа,Рејчел, Сара, Викторија, Медлин и нашиот внук Кристофер - нашето богаство.

*** Greeks have no culture or identity - their Hellenic descent is a fairy tale. In the veins of the population of today's Greece does not run not even a drop of Hellenic blood. (Jakob Fillipp Fallmerayer 1790 – 1861)

Грците немаат ни култура ни идентитет - нивното Еленистичко потекло е само бајка. Во жилите на населението на денешна Грција не тече ниедна капка елинистичка крв. (Jakob Fillipp Fallmerayer 1790 – 1861)

*** The classical Macedonians were not Greeks, but а distinctive people with their own identity and language. (Anton Friedrich 1724 – 1793)

Класичните Македонци не биле Грци, Туку еден самобитен нород со свој идентитет и јазик. (Anton Friedrich 1724 – 1793)

*** Introduction Macedonia is a biblical land located in the central Balkans. It is an ancient and beautiful place but has a turbulent and troubled past; a past that has shaped not only history but also the people who have lived in it.

Even though Macedonia belonged and still belongs to the Macedonian people, it has always been contested, especially by its neighbours, and that has made life difficult for the Macedonians.

This is a story about John Givens and his experience with the Macedonian community in North America, which takes place during the three or so decades after his arrival in Canada in 1955. But in order to properly understand John’s story the reader needs to be, to some extent, acquainted with the Macedonian people’s background which has shaped them to be who they are. The reader needs to know, at least a little, about the good times and the tragedies Macedonians have lived through.

I wrote this long introduction because I felt that understanding John’s story, expressed by his own views alone, could not be fully appreciated if the reader was unfamiliar with Macedonia’s turbulent past.

Macedonia has a long story of struggles that begin with the Roman occupation in the first century BC and continue to this day. Unfortunately they have been silent struggles drowned out by the louder voices of Macedonia’s neighbours who now hold Macedonian lands and proclaim the Macedonian struggles never took place because Macedonians don’t exist. But Macedonians do indeed exist and have existed for many centuries, not only in name but also as actors in a never ending struggle for freedom and the desire to live unconstrained lives.

Macedonia’s history includes wars, battles, rebellions and uprisings waged by ordinary people, which more often than not have resulted in tragedy. Yet the Macedonian spirit persists over and over again as history has shown, believing that it is better to struggle and fail than to forever live in bondage.

This spirit was never more alive than during the 1903 Ilinden National Uprising when ordinary people came together and took up arms against a greater foe, throwing themselves into battle under the slogan “Liberty or Death”.

Unfortunately, even though they paid a high price, freedom for the Macedonian people did not come and they continued to live in torment under Ottoman rule until the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913.

When we speak of the Balkan Wars we often speak of the invasion, occupation and partition of Macedonia with the intent of liberating the region from the Ottoman occupier but we seldom speak of the aftermath; the subjugation and oppression of the Macedonian people.

Some may call it liberation but what actually took place after the Balkan Wars the Macedonian people would call genocide and cultural obliteration.

The only thing Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria liberated during the Balkan Wars were Macedonian lands, which they quickly occupied and annexed for themselves.

While the world was congratulating Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria for their good deeds in kicking the Ottomans out of Macedonia, the Macedonian people were facing new horrors never before experienced.

After almost six centuries of Ottoman occupation, the Macedonian people, instead of being liberated like their neighbours had promised, were now about to face new and more lethal ordeals, more damaging than ever before.

After they failed to free themselves in 1903, the Macedonian people welcomed the Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian armies as saviours when they invaded and attacked the Ottomans. The entire Macedonian population, including the armed rebels who fought in the 1903 uprising, joined the frenzied fight to get rid of the Ottomans. The vast majority of Macedonians believed their neighbours’ propaganda when they were told the armies were there to liberate them.

The Balkan Wars ended with the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest. In spite of protests from the Macedonian people, Macedonia was partitioned into three pieces.

Accordingly Greece took the lion’s share of 35.169 sq. kilometres (51%); the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes retained 25.774 sq. kilometres (39%) and Bulgaria was allowed to take, after minor revision, 6.798 sq. kilometres (10%).

No sooner had the invading armies consolidated their hold on Macedonia than they arrested and punished all Macedonians regarded as leaders and venerated as heroes by the population, while the dregs, the very men who caused much suffering, were raised to greatness.

Progressive disintegration of social and national life in Macedonia began with the entry of the occupying Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian armies and has not ceased to this day (in Greece and Bulgaria).

As attested by the 1913 Carnegie Endowment Inquiry Commission, all three States, Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia, committed atrocities against the Macedonian people during the 1912 and 1913 Balkan Wars.

When war broke out in the Balkans in 1912 and 1913, the Carnegie Endowment dispatched a commission on a fact finding mission. The commission was dispatched from Paris on August 2nd, 1913, shortly before the end of the second Balkan War, and returned to Paris nearly eight weeks later, on September 28th. In spite of opposition from the Greek government, the commission arrived in time to witness much of the war’s aftermath and record most accounts while they were still fresh in people’s minds. The results drawn from this investigation were printed in Washington DC in 1914 under the title “Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Cause and the Conduct of the Balkan Wars”. Unfortunately because of the flare-up of World War I, no action was taken and the report itself ended up being shelved.

Still in the midst of excitement, the first Balkan War was accepted by European opinion as a war of Liberation. In the European mind, its conclusion meant the downfall of the Ottoman regime in Europe and the end of all oppression. Unfortunately, European understanding of the Macedonian situation was far from reality as one tyrant was being replaced by three. While the Ottoman regime tolerated the various religions, languages and traditions of all races in their Empire, the new tyrants did not. As soon as they consolidated their hold on Macedonia, they began to act on its population.

First came the evictions and the first ones to be thrown out were the Muslim Macedonians. Even though they spoke the Macedonian language and insisted that they were Macedonians, not Turks, their captors relentlessly cast them out. For no other reason than being Muslim, they were evicted from their homes and forced out from their ancestral lands.

After the Turkish authorities vacated Macedonia, all that was left were civilians. No Turk dared remain behind knowing what awaited him. So the Turkish villages that the Carnegie report was referring to were in fact Macedonian villages inhabited by Muslim Macedonians.

When they were finished with the Turks, the Greek soldiers turned on the Macedonian civilian population and uncontrollably, with the blessing of the Greek State and the Greek King himself, pillaged, tortured, raped and murdered defenseless people. Atrocities committed against the civilian population in Macedonia, including the burning of villages, were simply cold acts of genocide perpetrated to eradicate the Macedonian population in order to make room for Greek colonization.

The Carnegie Relief Commission reported that, in Macedonia alone, 160 villages were razed leaving 16,000 homeless. Several thousand civilians had been murdered and over 100,000 were forced to emigrate as refugees.

Macedonian families known to attend the Exarchate Church were ordered by force to “take with them what they could carry and get out”. “This is Greece now and there is no place for Bulgarians here.” Those who remained were forced to swear loyalty to the Greek State. Anyone refusing to take the loyalty oath was either executed, as an example of what would happen to those disloyal, or evicted from the country. To explain the mass evacuations, Greek officials claimed that the inhabitants of Macedonia left by choice or became Greek by choice. The truth is no one was given any choice at all.

The triple occupation worsened living conditions in Macedonia but the fighting spirit of the Macedonian people continued to live underground and abroad. Three generations of fighting for liberty, freedom and an independent Macedonia came to a close. The Ilinden generation and the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization were defeated, not by the Ottomans or Muslim oppression but by Christian cruelty and deception.

Soon after the occupation, underground societies sprang up everywhere urging the Macedonian people to refuse their new fate and oppose the partition. Accordingly, many Macedonians did so by refusing to obey the new officialdom and by not participating in the new institutions. This, however, did not stop the military regimes occupying Macedonia from exposing the population to systematic denationalization and violent assimilation.

Macedonians again saw hope after the First World War that maybe, while a new world order was being created, the Great Powers would see to it to reverse the dreaded 1913 Treaty of Bucharest that divided their country. But those hopes too were dashed in 1919 at the Versailles conference when the Great Powers ratified the Treaty of Bucharest, making Macedonia’s division permanent.

The end of the First World War brought peace to the world but not to the subjugated Macedonian population which, as was done in 1878 when Macedonia was given back to the Ottomans, was again done in 1919 when Macedonia and its people were given back to their tormentors the Greeks, Serbians and Bulgarians.

One good thing for the Macedonians that came out of Versailles was Article 51, the League of Nations’ code to “protect national minorities”. Article 51 of the Treaty of Versailles espouses equality of civil rights, education, language and religion for all national minorities. Unfortunately article 51 was never implemented by the Balkan States or enforced by the League of Nations which Greece and Bulgaria, to this day, violate and ignore. Why is this? Because to this day Greece and Bulgaria claim that “the Macedonian identity” does not exist and has never existed.

Greece was immensely rewarded for its participation in the First World War. At the conclusion of the Treaty, Greece got back what it had previously annexed and, additionally, received a large portion of Epirus, western Thrace, Crete and the Aegean Islands. It is important to mention here that when Albania’s affirmation for independence was signed, at the London Conference in February 1920, more of Macedonia’s territory was partitioned. A narrow strip of land running through Lake Ohrid and southward along Macedonia’s western boundary was awarded to Albania.

England and France sealed Macedonia’s fate by ratifying the principles of the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest, which gave Greece the signal to pursue forced expulsion and denationalization of Macedonians and to begin mass colonization by transplanting “potential Greeks” into the occupied territories of Macedonia. The Neuilly Treaty signed between Bulgaria and the Allied powers allowed for forced exchanges of populations.

Greece, as a partner of the victorious allies, was able to impose on defeated Bulgaria a condition in the Treaty allowing for an exchange of populations between the two states.

Greece took the opportunity to unload Macedonians in a seemingly legal manner.

Subsequently 66,180 Macedonians, largely from Eastern Greek occupied Macedonia but also from the districts of Kukush, Enidzhe Vardar and Solun, were forced to leave for Bulgaria but were not permitted to settle among the Macedonians in Bulgarian occupied Macedonia. Bulgaria, on the other hand, sent 22,800 so-called “Greeks” which the Greek government settled in Greek occupied Macedonia.

Then, by the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923, after the Greco-Turkish War came to an end, Greece and Turkey signed a population exchange agreement using “religion as the basic criterion for nationality”, during which time Greece expelled 394,108 Turkish Muslims to Turkey. Included in this number were more than 40,000 Muslim Macedonians. Turkey, on the other hand, transferred 1,221,849 Christian Turks to Greece of whom 538,595 were settled in Greek occupied Macedonia.

When we speak of “confiscated Macedonian lands” by the Greek state, we often speak of the lands of those Macedonians who were killed, evicted, or fled their homeland, but rarely do we speak of the land confiscations due to the Land Redistribution Program that the Greek state introduced in 1928-1929 in Greek occupied Macedonia.

Faced with a huge influx of colonists and settlers during the early 1920s, Greece was running out of space and a large number of these people were concentrated in Macedonia.

In addition to taking the vacant lands of those Macedonians who had been driven out, the Greek state used the Land Redistribution Program to also take the lands of those Macedonians who were still living in Greek occupied Macedonia. Families suffered land expropriations despite their claims to legal titles of ownership.

Even before the Land Redistribution Program was put into place, many Macedonian families were experiencing economic hardships and male family members were forced to seek work outside of their communities as far away as Canada, the USA and Australia.

Besides colonizing Macedonia with foreign settlers and colonists by usurping Macedonian lands, the Greek state in the 1920s also initiated a Hellenization program to turn Macedonians into Greeks.

Soon after the Greek government established rule in Greek occupied Macedonia, it opened Greek language schools to teach the entire Macedonian population to speak Greek. While children attended regular school, adults were expected to attend night school.

Besides Hellenizing the Macedonian population by teaching it to speak Greek, the Greek state also took measures to eliminate everything that was Macedonian.

By law promulgated on November 21, 1926, all place names (toponymia) in Greek occupied Macedonia were Hellenized. All Macedonian names of cities, towns, villages, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc., were changed to Greek ones. In a similar manner, Macedonian families were forced to change their Macedonian last names to Greek ones.

Even individual given names were changed forcing alien names upon the Macedonian population. Since then to this day families lost continuity with their relatives, especially those who had fled Greece before Hellenization policies were put in place.

For those who don’t know what “Hellenization” is, it is a process of assimilating people from various ethnic groups such as Macedonians, Vlachs, Albanians, Turks, etc., and turning them into Greeks. To an outsider this may seem strange and even comical but to Macedonians who were born in Greek occupied Macedonia and who had lived through this process, it was a living nightmare.

Many Macedonians have relatives; brothers, sisters, cousins, uncles, aunts, etc., who have been Hellenized by Greek propaganda and today are the staunchest Greeks. The so-called Greeks who are indigenous to Greek occupied Macedonia are no more than an artificial construct of Greek propaganda. They say they are Greek because, since the occupation of Greek occupied Macedonia, the Greek educational system has been telling them that they are Greeks and punishing them for feeling Macedonian.

At the same time the Greek government implemented a compulsory policy to remove all evidence of the Macedonian language from churches, icons, monuments, tombstones, cemeteries, archeological finds, etc. All Macedonian church or secular literature was seized and burned. The use of the Macedonian language was forbidden in all communications including private communications between parents and children, among villagers, at weddings and work parties and in burial rituals.

Failing to completely Hellenize the Macedonian population, subsequent Greek governments introduced pre-kindergarten schools. The pretext for these schools was to free the parents so that they could go to work but their motive became clear when such schools became available only in Greek occupied Macedonia and nowhere else in Greece. The idea here was to separate young children, not from their parents but from their grandparents who traditionally looked after them and taught them values and the Macedonian language while parents were out in the fields working.

The dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas (1936-1940) was especially brutal in its treatment of the Macedonians in Greek occupied Macedonia.

On December 18, 1936 the Metaxas dictatorship issued a legal act concerning “Activity Against State Security”. This law punished claims of minority rights. On the basis of this act, thousands of Macedonians were arrested, imprisoned, or expelled from Greece. On September 7, 1938 the legal act 2366 was issued. This banned the use of the Macedonian language even in the domestic sphere. All Macedonian localities were flooded with posters that read, “Speak Greek”. Evening schools were opened in which adult Macedonians were taught Greek. No Macedonian schools of any kind were permitted. Any public manifestation of Macedonian national feeling and its outward expression through language, song, or dance was forbidden and severely punished by the Metaxas regime.

People who spoke Macedonian were beaten, fined and imprisoned. Punishments in some areas included piercing of the tongue with a needle and cutting off a part of the ear for every Macedonian word spoken. Almost 5,000 Macedonians were sent to jails and prison camps for violating this prohibition against the use of the Macedonian language.

Mass exile of sections of Macedonians and other “difficult” minorities took place. The trauma of persecution has left deep scars on the consciousness of the Macedonians in Greece, many of whom are even today convinced that their language “cannot” be committed to writing.

In April 1941 Germany invaded Yugoslavia and opened the door for fascist ally Bulgaria to occupy almost all of geographical Macedonia.

On October 11, 1941 the Macedonian people launched a war of liberation against the Bulgarian occupation and by 1943 anti-fascist sentiments gave support to a growing communist movement which later established the Communist Party of Macedonia in Yugoslavia. During the same year a number of governing and liberation movements, as well as the first Macedonian military units, were established. The Headquarters of the National Liberation Army published a manifesto of its goals for the liberation of the Yugoslav part of Macedonia. The first session of the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia was held on August 2nd, 1944 at the St. Prohor Pchinski Monastery. Forty-one years after the 1903 Ilinden uprising, representatives from all parts of the Yugoslav part of Macedonia gathered together for this occasion and decided on a constitution for the modern Macedonian State, which they named “Peoples Republic of Macedonia”. The Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia presidium was formed with Metodija Andonov Chento as its first President and a decision was made to constitute a modern Macedonian State that would become part of the new Federal Yugoslavia. In April 1945 the first Macedonian government was established with Lazar Kolishevski as its first President. In 1958 the Ohrid Archbishopric was restored and in 1967 its autocephaly was declared. The Macedonian people, at least in the Yugoslav part of Macedonia, were finally free to govern themselves.

In Greece meanwhile, after the December 1945 Varkiza agreement, use of the name “Macedonia” and the Macedonian language were once again prohibited. Greek authorities again began to apply terror tactics against the Macedonian population.

According to statistics, in 1945-46 alone: 400 murders were registered; 440 women and girls were raped; 13,529 interned on the Greek islands; 8,145 imprisoned in the Greek prisons; 4,209 indicted; 3,215 sentenced to prison; 13 driven mad by torture in the prisons; 45 villages abandoned; 80 villages pillaged; 1,605 families plundered; and 1,943 families evicted.

During the Greek Civil War from 1946 to 1949 many Macedonians fought on the side of the Greek Communist Party simply because it promised them human and national rights. Of the 35,000 soldiers enlisted in the Democratic Army of Greece it was estimated that about half were Macedonians. During the conflict 87 Macedonian schools were opened, catering to about 100,000 students. Also there were Macedonian newspapers published such as “Nepokoren”, “Zora”, “Edinstvo” and “Borets” and cultural and artistic associations formed.

Unfortunately, after the Democratic Army of Greece was defeated all that was gained was lost and there were terrible consequences for the Macedonian people. The 28,000 Macedonian refugee children (Detsa Begaltsi) who were evacuated to Eastern European countries, to be saved from the conflict, were permanently separated from their families.

Greece did not want them back so they became permanent refugees exiled in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. John Givens was one of those children.

Fighters who fought on the side of the Partisans and managed to escape the Greek Royalist onslaught were expelled to the Soviet Union and other East European countries.

Later most returned to the Republic of Macedonia or joined their families who had immigrated to the USA, Canada and Australia.

Thousands of Macedonians lost their lives while fighting for the liberty of their people and a great number of Macedonian villages were burned to the ground by the Greek Royalists.

During the late 1950’s inhabitants of several villages in the Lerin, Kostur and Voden districts were forced to take oaths swearing loyalty to Greece and denouncing their Macedonian ethnicity and mother language.

This policy of denationalization continued to meet with resistance however, as the Macedonian people continued to feel Macedonian and speak their Macedonian language in secret.