Front Matter - Part 03

deer – four-footed ruminant animal

(D) “eľen” meaning “eľenite shive vo planina” meaning “the deer live in the mountain”.

(L) “elen”.

defeat – overcome in battle or other contest

(D) “pobedi” as in “Partizanite ga pobedia borbata” meaning “the Partisans were defeated in the struggle”.

(L) “poraz”, “pobeduva”.

defend – resist attack made on, protect

(D) “brani” as in “bori se i branisiga famiľiata” meaning “fight back and defend your family”.

(L) “se brani”, “se zashtituva”.

delete – cross out or remove

(D) “brishi” as in “pishi i brishi” meaning “write and delete”.

(L) “brishe”.

demand – urgent claim, stern request

(D) “bara” as in “toj si gi bara pravata” meaning “he is demanding his rights”.

(L) “bara”.

demolish - pull or knock down (D) “urnisa” as in “zemno tresenje mu a urnisa kukjata” meaning “the earthquake demolished his house”.

(L) “rasurniva”.

demon – evil spirit, cruel person (D) “demon” as in “ne mnogu poveke verve na postoenjeto na demoni” meaning “not many any longer believe in the existence of demons”.

(L) “demon”.

den – small private room (D) “odajche” as in “vo odajcheto daskalo pee knigi i pishi pisma” meaning “in the den the teacher reads books and writes letters”.

(L) “sobichka”.

denounce – inform against (D) “otkazhi” as in “toj ne saka da se otkazhi ot negovata vera” meaning “he does not want to denounce his faith”.

(L) “otkazhuva”, “objavuva”.

denture – set of artificial teeth (D) “viľitsa” as in “baba nosi viľitsi” meaning “baba (grandma) wears dentures”.

(L) “vilitsa”.

deny – declare untrue (D) “odbiva” as in “toj odbiva, kazhva sho ne go napraj” meaning “he denies it, says he did not do it”.

(L) “odbiva”, “ne priznava”.

depart – go away

(D) “zamina” as in “zamina i ojde na stranstvo” meaning “he departed and went abroad”.

(L) “zaminuva”.

depend – determined by (D) “zavisi” as in “sfe zavisi ot tebe” meaning “everything depends on you”.

(L) “zavisi”.

deport – remove and send to another country

(D) “protera” as in “choeko e proteran ot nemnata zemia” meaning “the person was deported from his own soil”.

(L) “proteruva”, “progonuva”.

descent – lineage, family origin (D) “rod” as in “toj e roden ot Makedontsi” meaning “his descent is from Macedonians”.

(L) “sleguvanje”, “spushtanje”,

“rod”, “poteklo”.

design – outline for something to be made

(D) “namera” as in “ima namera da napraj nescho goľemo” meaning “he has designs to make something grand”.

(L) “namera”.

desirable – worth having (D) “sakan” as in “toj e sakan choek” meaning “he is a desirable person”.

(L) “pozhelen”, “sakan”.

desk – furniture with flat or sloped surface used for writing (D) “masa za pishenje” as in “naprajsia rabotata na masata za pishenje” meaning “do your work at your desk”.

(L) “masa za pishenje”.

desperate - leaving little or no room for hope

(D) “ochaen” as in “toj glamen choek e ochaen” meaning “that poor person is desperate”.

(L) “ochaen”, “beznadezhen”.

destroy – pull or break down (D) “urnisa” as in “toj e losh, sve urnisa” meaning “he is mean, he destroyed everything”.

(L) “unishtuva”, “razrushuva”.

detain – keep under restraint or confined

(D) “zadrzhi” as in “zadrzhigo da ne izbega” meaning “detain him so that he can’t escape”.

(L) “zadrzuva”.

deteriorate – make or become worse

(D) “se rasipa” as in “zheľeznata lamarina rzhosa is se rasipa” meaning “the iron sheet of metal has rusted and deteriorated”.

(L) “se vloshuva”, “se rasipuva”.

detest – hate, loathe (D) “pizmi” as in “tie ne pizme zashcho sme siromasi” meaning “they detest us because we are poor”.

(L) “se gnasi”, “se gadi”.

devil – Satan, demon

(D) “djaol” as in “djaolo e mnogu losh” meaning “the devil is very bad”.

(L) “gjavol”.

devour – eat hungrily or greedily (D) “lapa” as in “jadi, lapaj go brzo da ne ti go zeve” meaning “eat, devour it fast before they take it”.

(L) “lapa”, “golta”.

dew – vapour condensing in small drops

(D) “rosa” as in “ima rosa nat trevata” meaning “there is dew on the grass”.

(L) “rosa”.

dialog - conversation

(D) “razgovor” as in

“kodzhobashiata i jas imame razgovor” meaning “the mayor and I had a dialog”.

(L) “dijalog”, “razgovor na dvajtsa”.

diaper – linen or cotton fabric used on babies bottoms (D) “peľenche” as in “menimu go peľencheto na bebeto” meaning “change the baby’s diaper”.

(L) “platno”.

diarrhea – very loose bowel movement

(D) “drisnik” as in “bebeto go fati drisnik” meaning “the baby has diarrhea”.

die – cease to live, expire (D) “umri” as in “ke umrish ot stut” meaning “you will die of cold”.

(L) “umira”.

different – unlike, of another nature

(D) “inakov” as in “toj e inakov ot nas” meaning “he is different from us”.

(L) “razlichen”, “poinakov”.

difficult – troublesome, not easy (D) “tesko” as in “tesko e, ne e kolaj” meaning “it’s difficult, it’s not easy”.

(L) “tezhok”.

dig – break up or remove ground (D) “kopa” as in “toj kopu dupka” meaning “he is digging a hole”.

(L) “kopa”, “rie”.

dignity – being worthy of honour or respect

(D) “ches” as in “toj umre so ches” meaning “he died with dignity”.

(L) “dostoinstvo”.

dingy – drab, dirty looking (D) “izvaľkan” as in “pľachkite na toj choek se izvaľkani” meaning “that person’s clothing is dingy”.

(L) “izvalkan”, “mrsen”,

“nechist”.

dinner – chief meal of the day (D) “ruchok” and “vechera” as in “ke dojda na gosti za ruchok i vechera” meaning “I will be your guest for dinner (lunch and supper)”.

(L) “vechera”, “ruchok”.

dip – immerse bread into liquid (D) “makni” as in “makni troa chorba” meaning “dip into some soup”.

(L) “vddabnatina”.

direct – extending in a straight line

(D) “prav” as in “zevajgo pato sho odi napravo” meaning “take the direct route”.

(L)”prav”, “najkratok”,

“neposreden”.

dirt – unclean matter that soils (D) “pra” and “kal” as in “veľentseto e plno so pra” meaning “the bed cover is full of dirt” and “cheľite ti se invaľkani so kal” meaning “your shoes are soiled with dirt”.

(L) “nechistotija”, “gjubre”,

“gadost”.

dirty - soiled

(D) “vaľkan” as in “ratsite ti se vaľkani so graso” meaning “your hands are dirty with grease”.

(L) “blutkav”, “valkan”,

“nechist”.

disabled – deprived of ability

(D) “osakaten” as in “toj e osakaten, bumba pukna i mu ga skrshi nogata” meaning “he is disabled, a bomb blew up and broke his leg”.

(L) “ne sposoven”.

disagree – hold different opinion (D) “ne se soglasva” as in “toj ne se soglasva so toa sho veľish ti” meaning “he disagrees with what you say”.

(L) “”ne se soglasuva”, “ima drugo mislenje”.

disappear – pass from sight or existence

(D) “go nema” as in “go nema, neznam dja ojde” meaning “he disappeared, I don’t know where he went”.

(L) “izchusnuva”, “go snemuva”.

disband – disperse, break up (D) “se raspushchi” as in “askero se raspushchi” meaning “the army has disbanded”.

(L) “se raspushta”.

discard - give something up, throw it away

(D) “frľigo” as in “frľigo toa ne chini” meaning “discard it it’s no good”.

(L) “otfrla”, “napushta”.

discharge – fire a rifle (D) “pľusna” as in “toj pľusna so pushkata i so chifteto” meaning “he discharged the rifle and the shotgun”.

(L) “istovaruva”, “puka”.

disease – unhealthy condition of body or mind

(D) “boles” as in “tie ime boles sho ne se lekva” meaning “they have an untreatable disease”.

(L) “bolest”.

disgrace – loss of favour or respect

(D) “stramota” as in “je stramota ka se odnosva” meaning “it is a disgrace how how he conducts himself”.

(L) “gubenje na chest”,

“sramota”.

dish – flat bottomed container for holding food

(D) “plaa” as in “plaata e potrebna za jadenje” meaning “the dish is used for eating”.

(L) “vagan”.

dishonest – insincere, fraudulent (D) “nechesen” as in “toj e nechesen choek” meaning “he is a dishonest person”.

(L) “nechesen”.

disloyal – unfaithful, lacking loyalty

(D) “neveren” as in “toj e neveren choek” meaning “he is a disloyal person”.

(L) “neveren”, “nelojalen”,

“verolomen”.

distance – extent of space between two points

(D) “daľechina” as in “od Oshchima do Lerin e dlga daľechina” meaning “from Oshchima to Lerin is a long distance”.

(L) “rasojanie”.

distillery – place where alcoholic liquor is distilled (D) “kazanche” as in “vo kazancheto se vari rakija” meaning “in the distillery Rakija is distilled”.

(L) “mesto kade se vari rakija”.

distinguish – observe or identify a difference

(D) “razľika” as in “dali mozhish da vidish razľika megu toj i taa?” meaning “can you distinguish between him and her?”

(L) “se razlikuva”.

distrust – lack of trust (D) “nedoverba” as in “ima nedoverba megu nimu” meaning “there is distrust between them”.

(L) “nedoverba”, “somnenje”.

ditch – long narrow excavated channel

(D) “doazha” and “jaz” as in “doazhata e vo gornata maala” meaning “the ditch is in the upper neighbourhood” and “jazo e vo dolnata maala na Oshchima” meaning “the ditch is in the lower neighbourhood of Oshchima”.

(L) “jaz”, “okop”.

divide – separate into parts (D) “deľi” as in “deľiga stokata megu dvata brakja” meaning “divide the property between the two brothers”.

(L) “deli”, “se raziduva”, “se oddeluva”.

do – produce, make, bring about (D) “praj” as in “praj neshcho” meaning “do something”.

(L) “pravi, “vrshi”.

doctor – physician

(D) “ľekar” as in “ľekaro mi ga zakrpi ranata” meaning “the doctor stitched up my wound”.

(L) “doktor”, “lekar”.

dog – four legged carnivorous animal related to the wolf (D) “kuche” as in “kucheto lae” meaning “the dog is barking”.

(L) “kuche”, “pes”.

dogwood – shrub with dark red branches

(D) “dren” as in “drvoto ot dren e mnogu jako” meaning “the wood from dogwood is very hard”.

(L) “dren”.

done - complete

(D) “dostori” as in “rabotata ga dostori” meaning “I have done the job”.

(L) “od do”.

donkey – domestic ass (D) “magare” as in “magareto pasi vo livadata” meaning “the donkey is grazing in the meadow”.

(L) “magare”.

door – closing to entrance (D) “vrata” as in “zatforia vratata” meaning “close the door”.

(L) “vrata”.

dot – small round mark or spot (D) “tochka” as in “claj tochka na dostoroko” meaning “place a dot at the end”.

(L) “tochka”.

double - twofold

(D) “dvojno” as in “mi bordzhish dvojno” meaning “you owe me double”.

(L) “dvokratno”, “dvojnik”.

dove – bird with short legs and small head

(D) “prľitsa” as in “prľitsata e simbol za mir” meaning “the dove is a symbol of peace”.

(L) “gulab”.

down – towards a lower place (D) “dolu” as in “jas zhivam tamo dolu” meaning “I live down there”.

(L) “dolu”.

downpour – heavy fall of rain (D) “turva dosh” as in “tsel den turva dosh” meaning “it is downpouring all day”.

(L) “poroen dozhd”.

dowry – property or money brought by a bride to her husband

(D) “prikja” as in “neestata ima bogata prikja” meaning “the bride has a rich dowry”.

(L) “miraz”, “prirodna darba”.

doze – sleep light

(D) “dremi” as in “na babata mu se dremi” meaning “grandma is dozing”.

(L) “dremi”, “lesen son”.

dream – what a person sees when sleeping

(D) “son” as in “koa spie ime aren son” meaning “when I slept I had a good dream”.

(L) “son”.

dress – put on or wear clothes (D) “obľeka” and “fustan” meaning “si kupi ubaa obľeka” meaning “I bought myslelf a nice dress” and “zhenata si kupi fustan” meaning “the woman bought herself a dress”.

(L) “obleka”, “fustan”.

dribble – allow saliva to flow from the mouth

(D) “se ľigae” as in “bebeto se ľigae” meaning “the baby is dribbling”.

(L) “se ligavi”.

drift – mass of snow or sand driven along or heaped by wind (D) “namet” as in “vetro go dua snego i praj namet” meaning “the wind is blowing the snow into a drift”.

(L) “struja”, “tok”, “pravets”.

drink – swallow liquid (D) “napise” as in “napise voda” meaning “drink water”.

(L) “napiva”.

drip – fall of drops

(D) “kapi” as in “voda kapi ot chatiata” meaning “water is dripping from the roof”.

(L) “kapi”, “teche”.

drop – small round portion of liquid

(D) “kapka” as in “kapka po kapka kobľitsata se plni so voda” meaning “drop by drop the bucket is being filled with water”.

(L) “kapka”.

drought – prolonged spell without rain

(D) “susha” as in “susha ne fati, sfe ke izgori” meaning “drought has caught us, everything will burn”.

(L) “susha”, “zhed”, “nedostig”.

drown – suffocate by submersion in water

(D) “se udaj” as in “deteto se udaj, ne znaeshe ka da pľiva” meaning “the boy drowned, he did not know how to swim”.

(L) “se davi”.

drug – medicine, narcotic (D) “biľka” as in “ľekaro mu dade biľka” meaning “the doctor gave him a drug”.

(L) “lek”, “lekarstvo”.

drum – musical instrument consisting of stretched skin over cylinder

(D) “tapan” as in “tapano se shchuka ot daľeku” meaning “the drum can be heard from far”.

(L) “tapan”.

drunk – under the influence of alcohol

(D) “pijan” as in “toj e pijan ot pienje mnogu vino” meaning “he is drunk from drinking too much wine”.

(L) “pijan”.

dry – not wet, without moisture (D) “suvo” as in “olnisheto e suvo” meaning “the field is dry”.

(L) “sushi”.

duck – swimming bird female (D) “patka” as in “edna patka, dve patki” meaning “one duck, two ducks”.

(L) “pajka”, “shatka”.

dumb – unable to speak (D) “nem” as in “toj e nem, ne mozhi da zborva” meaning “he is dumb, he cannot speak”.

(L) “nem”.

dung - manure

(D) “lepeshka” and

“papareshka” as in “lepeshki i papareshki se arni za gnoenje gradinjeto” meaning “dung is good for fertilizing the gardens”.

(L) “lepeshka”, “gjubre”.

dusk – darkness stage of twilight (D) “mrak” as in “padna mrak, brzo ke se stemni” meaning “dusk has fallen, it will soon be dark”.

(L) “samrak”.

dust – fine powder of earth or other substence

(D) “duman” and “pra” as in “vetro krea mnogu duman” meaning “the wind is raising a lot of dust” and “ima mnogu pra vo kukjata” meaning “there is a lot of dust in the house”.

(L) “prav”, “prashok”.

dwarf – below normal size person, animal or plant (D) “dzhudzhe” as in “eden mnogu niski choek e dzhudzhe” meaning “a very short person is a dwarf”.

(L) “kepets”, “dzhudzhe”.

dye – substance used to change colour of fabric

(D) “boja” as in “boja za vapsvanje platno” meaning “dye for colouring a fabric”.

(L) “boja”.

E each – everyone of two or more (D) “sekoj” as in “sekoj ima pravo da zborva” meaning “each has the right to speak”.

(L) “sekoj”.

eagle – a large bird of prey (D) “sokol” as in “chuaj kokoshkite ot sokolo” meaning “protect the chickens from the eagle”.

(L) “orel”.

ear – organ of hearing (D) “ushe” as in “usheto e za shchukanje” meaning “the ear is for hearing”.

(L) “uvo”, “sluh”.

early – before the due (D) “rano” as in “stigname mnogu rano” meaning “we arrived very early”.

(L) “ran”, “preran”, “rano”.

east – point of horizon where sun rises

(D) “istok” as in “sntseto ugre ot istok i zajde na zapat” meaning “the sun rose from the east and set to the west”.

(L) “istok”.

Easter – Christian festival in spring

(D) “Veľivden” as in “Veľivden e goľem praznik” meaning “Easter is a grand holiday”.

(L) “Veligden”.

easy – not difficult

(D) “kolaj” as in “e kolaj da zborvash” meaning “it’s easy to talk”.

(L) “lesen”, “udoben”,

“spokoen”.

eat – take into the mouth, chew and swallow

(D) “jadi” as in “ajde jadi troa po brzo” meaning “lets go eat a little faster”.

(L) “jade”.

edible – fit to be eaten (D) “se jadi” as in “ako ne gorchi i ne e kiselo se jadi” meaning “if it’s not bitter or sour it is edible”.

(L) “se jade”.

education – systematic instruction

(D) “nauka” as in “odi na skoľje da dobiesh nauka” meaning “go to school to get an education”.

(L) “vospituvanje”,

“obrazovanje”, “odgleduvanje”.

effort – strenuous physical or mental activity

(D) “obid” as in “obidise i krenigo” meaning “put some effort into it and lift it”.

(L) “napor”, “trud”, “obid”.

egg – oval body produced by female of birds

(D) “jajtse” as in “kokoshkata snese jajtse” meaning “the chicken layed an egg”.

(L) “jajtse”.

eight – one more than seven (D) “osom” as in “osom, edno pojke ot sedom” meaning “eight, one more than seven”.

(L) “osum”.

eighteen – one more than seventeen

(D) “osomnajse” as in “osomnajse, edno po troa ot devetnajse” meaning “eighteen, one less than nineteen”.

(L) “osumnaeset”.

elbow – joint between forearm and upper arm

(D) “lako” meaning “lakoto e megu ramoto i rakata” meaning “the elbow is between the shoulder and the hand”.

(L) “lakot”.

elder – senior, of greater age (D) “postar” as in “dedomi e postar ot tatkomi” meaning “my grandfather is elder to my father”.

(L) “postar”.

eleven – one more than ten (D) “edinajse” as in “edinajse godini” meaning “eleven years”.

(L) “edinaeset”.

eliminate – remove, get rid of (D) “isfrľi” as in “isfrľigo ne chini za nishcho” meaning “eliminate it it’s worthless”.

(L) “isfrla”, “izostava”.

ember – small piece of live coal (D) “jagľen” as in “jagľen e eden zapalen zhar” meaning “an ember is a single lit charcoal”.

(L) “iskra”, “zhiv zhar”.

embrace – hold closely in the arms

(D) “zgrabi” as in “zgrabigo deteto i kazhi mu sho go milvash” meaning “embrace the boy and let him know that you love him”.

(L) “pregratka”, “pregrbuvanje”.

embroider – decorate cloth with needlework

(D) “vezi” as in “baba vezi shamiche” meaning “grandma is embroidering a handkerchief”.

(L) “veze”.

empire – extensive group of states under single authority (D) “imberija” as in “imberijata na Aleksander Makedontski” meaning “the empire of Alexander the Macedonian”.

(L) “tsarevina”, “imperija”.

employee – person employed for wages

(D) “rabotnik” as in “toj e rabotnik vo Oshchimtskio dukian” meaning “he is an employee at the Oshchimian store”.

(L) “sluzhbenik”.

empty – containing nothing (D) “prazno” as in “kotleto e prazno, nema nishcho vo neo” meaning “the kettle is empty, there is nothing in it”.

(L) “prazen”, “pust”.

enclosure – enclosed space or area

(D) “ograda” as in “stisojte se ograda na dvoro” meaning “the walls are the yard’s enclosure”.

(L) “ogradenost”, “ograda”,

“opkruzhuvanje”.

end – furthest point

(D) “dostorok” and “kraj” as in “odvaj dojde dostorok” meaning “finely the end came” and “dojdome do kraj” meaning “we came to the end”.

(L) “kraj”, “zavrshetok”.

endless – without end (D) “bez dostorok” as in “ovaa e rabota bez dostorok” meaning “this is an endless job”.

(L) “vechen”, “beskraen” endure – undergo, tolerate (D) “trae” and “trpi” as in “neka trae ushche troa” meaning “let him endure a little longer” and “trpia boleata ushche troa” meaning “endure the pain a little longer”.

(L) “podnesuva”, “trpi”, “trae”.

enemy – hostile state or person (D) “dushman” as in “toj e dushman na drzhaata” meaning “he is an enemy of the state”.

(L) “nepriatel”, “protivnik”.

energy – capacity for activity (D) “sila” and “energija” as in “toj ima mnogu sila” meaning “he has a lot of energy” and “letrichna energija” meaning

“electrical energy”.

(L) “energija”, “sila”.

English – as in language (D) “Angľitski” as in “nie sborvame Angľitski” meaning

“we speak English”.

(L) “Angliski”.

Englishman – one who is English

(D) “Angľichanets” as in “eden msh ot Angľija e Angľichanets” meaning “a man from England is an Englishman”

(L) “Anglichanets” enough – as much or as many as required

(D) “dosta” as in “ajde dosta ne ti treba pojke” meaning “that’s enough you don’t need any more”.

(L) “dovolno”, “dosta”.

entire – whole, complete (D) “tsel” as in “ti go izede tsel peshnik lep?” meaning “you ate the entire loaf of bread?”.

(L) “potpoli”, “tsel”.

entrance – place for entering

(D) “vlez” as in “vlezo e tuka” meaning “the entrance is here”.

(L) “vlez”, “vleguvanje”.

envelope – folded paper for letters

(D) “pľik” as in “klajgo pismoto vo pľiko” meaning “put the letter in the envelope”.

(L) “kovert”, “obvivka”,

“chaura”.

equal – the same in number, size, merit, etc.

(D) “tokmu” and “isti” as in “tokmu se na visochina” meaning “they are equal in height” and “isti se na tsena” meaning “they are equal in value”.

(L) “ist”, “ednakov”.

erase – rub out

(D) “izbrishi” as in “izbrishi toa sho pisa” meaning “erase that which you wrote”.

(L) “izbrishuva”, “brishe”.

erect – upright, vertical (D) “prostum” as in “sedi prostum” meaning “stand erect”.

(L) “isprava”, “osnovuva”.

error - mistake

(D) “greshka” as in “ne se sakaldisfaj, sekoj eden praj greshki” meaning “don’t get upset, everyone makes mistakes”.

(L) “greshka”.

escape – get free of restriction (D) “pobegna” as in “mu pobegna ot apsanata” meaning “he escaped from prison”.

(L) “bega”, “pobegnuva”.

estimate - approximate (D) “ottseni” as in “aide ottsenigo, kazhimi kolku e?” meaning “let’s go estimate it, tell me how much it is”.

(L) “otsenuva”, “presmetuva”.

European – from Europe (D) “Evropeets” as in “choek ot Evropa se vika Evropeets” meaning “a person from Europe is called European”.

(L) “Evropeets”.

even – level, smooth, uniform (D) “ramen” as in “stiso e ramen na jobete strni” meaning “the wall is even on both sides”.

(L) “ramen”, “ednakov”.

evening – from sunset to bedtime, late in the day (D) “vecher” as in “vecher ke ojme na kino” meaning “this evening we are going to a cinematographic show”.

(L) “vecher”.

event – thing that takes place (D) “nastan” as in “vo Sabota Oshchima ke ima eden nastan” meaning “on Saturday Oshchima will have an event”.

(L) “sluchaj”, “nastan”.

every – each single

(D) “sekoj” as in “sekoj den jas oda na rabota” meaning “every day I go to work”.

(L) “sekoj”, “sje”.

everything – all things

(D) “sfe” as in “toj ima sfe sho mu treba” meaning “he has everything he needs”.

(L) “sje”, “seshto”.

evil – morally bad, wicked, harmful

(D) “losho” as in “toa sho go prajsh e losho” meaning “that which you are doing is evil”.

(L) “zlo”, “nevola”, “grev”,

“losh”.

exact – accurate, correct (D) “tokmu” as in “toa vlegva tokmu” meaning “it is an exact fit”.

(L) “tochen”, “odreden”.

example – thing characteristic of its kind

(D) “primer” as in “tuka e eden primer” meaning “here is an example”.

(L) “primer”, “primerok”.

excavate – dig out

(D) “iskopa” as in “go iskopae goľemio kamen” meaning “they excavated the big rock”.

(L) “iskopuva”.

exchange – giving one thing and receiving another

(D) “premeni” as in “sakam do go premena kaferenjo kustum za sif” meaning “I want to exchange my brown suit for gray”.

(L) “menuvanje”, “promena”.

excuse – try to lessen blame (D) “izvini” and “prosti” as in “izvinime, sakam da pomina” meaning “excuse me, I want to pass by” and “prostime, ne trebashe da go recha toa” meaning “excuse me I shouldn’t have said that”.

(L) “izvinuvanje”,

“oravduvanje”.

exhale – breathe out

(D) “se izdishi” as in “toj se izdishi koga tezheata mu opadna” meaning “he exhaled as the weight lessened”.

(L) “izvetruva”, “izdishuva”.

exit – going out

(D) “izlez” as in “tuka e izlezo” meaning “here is the exit”.

(L) “izlez”.

expensive – costing much (D) “skpo” as in “toa e skpo ke mi treba mnogu pari da go kupa” meaning “that is expensive I will need a lot of money to buy it”.

explain – make clear or intelligible

(D) “dokazhi” as in “dokazhimi sho se stori” meaning “explain to me what happened”.

(L) “objasnuva”, “tolkuva”.

extend – lengthen in space or time

(D) “istegni” as in “istegnigo troa da stigni do kraj” meaning “extend it a little to reach the end”.

(L) “rastegnuva”, “pazvlekuva”.

external – situated on the outside

(D) “nadvoreshno” as in “e nudvoreshno drushtvo” meaning “it is an external organization”.

(L) “nadvoreshen”, “stranski”.

eye – organ of sight

(D) “oko” as in “edno oko, dve ochi” meaning “one eye, two eyes”.

(L) “oko”.

eyebrow – fringe of hair growing above eye

(D) “vezha” as in “zhenata ima ubaj vezhi” meaning “the woman has nice eyebrows”.

(L) “vegja”.

eyelash – hair on edge of eyelid (D) “kľepka” as in “chupata ima dlgi kľepki” meaning “the young lady has long eyelashes”.

(L) “klepka”.

F fabric – woven material (D) “platno” as in “pľachki se prae ot platno” meaning “clothes are made from fabric”.

(L) “gradba”, “sklop”, “sostav”.

face – front of head from forehead to chin

(D) “ľitse”, “obras” and “muchka” as in “imash prepno ľitse” meaning “you have a pretty face”, “izmisi go obrazo” meaning “wash your face” and “ne praj mutska” meaning

“don’t make a face”.

(L) “litse”, “izraz”.

fade – lose colour

(D) “ovena” as in “tsveketo ovena” meaning “the flower has faded”.

(L) “ovenuva”, “bledi”, “gubi boja”.

fair – just, equitable (D) “chesen” as in “toj e mnogu chesen choek” “meaning “he is a very fair person”.

(L) “redoven”, “spravedliv”,

“chesen”.

faith – complete trust (D) “vera” as in “taa e ot Risjantska vera” meaning “she is of the Christian faith”.

(L) “vera”, “poverba”, “riligija”.

fake – thing or person that is not genuine

(D) “mamen” as in “parcheto e mameno” meaning “the little coin is fake”.

(L) “odmana”, “trik”,

“falsifikat”.

fall - descend

(D) “padna” as in “ke padnish ot kono” meaning “you will fall off the horse”.

(L) “pad”, “napagjanje”.

false – wrong, incorrect (D) “lazhen” as in “lafo nemni e lazhen” meaning “his word is false”.

(L) “lazhen”, “pogreshen”,

“lazhliv”.

family – set of parents and children

(D) “fameľija” as in “jas imam goľema fameľija” meaning “I have a big family”.

(L) “semejstvo”.

famous – well known

(D) “poznat” as in “toj e poznat vo site sela” meaning “he is famous in all the villages”.

(L) “slaven”, “prochuen”,

“odlichen”.

far – a great distance away (D) “daľeku” as in “ke odam daľeku” meaning “I am going far”.

(L) “daleku”.

farm – area for growing crops (D) “zemiodel” as in “ovoj e moj zemiodel” meaning “this is my farm”.

(L) “polski imot”, “farma”.

fast – rapid, quick moving (D) “brs” as in “mojo kon e po brs ot tfojo” meaning “my horse is faster than yours”.

(L) “brz”.

fat – containing much fat (D) “debel” and “zgoen” as in “jas si po debel ot tebe ama i ti si dosta zgoen” meaning “I am fatter than you but you are fat enough yourself”.

(L) “debel”, “zgoen”.

fat – oily or greasy substance found in animal bodies (D) “loj” as in “mesoto ima mnogu loj, ke go naprajme salo” meaning “the meat has a lot of fat we will make it into lard”.

(L) “mast”, “salo”.

father – male parent

(D) “tatko” as in “sekoj eden ima tatko i majka” meaning “everyone has a father and mother”.

(L) “tatko”.

fear – emotion coused by exposure to danger

(D) “stra” as in “na neo mu e stra ot vlko” meaning “he fears the wolf”.

(L) “strav”, “uplav”.

feast – large meal

(D) “gozba” as in “na Bozhik ke imame golema gozba” meaning “at Christmas we will have a great feast”.

(L) “gozba”.

feather – appendage growing from a bird’s skin

(D) “perduf” as in “ovoj e perduf ot sokol” meaning “this is an eagle feather”.

(L) “pero”.

fee – sum payable to

(D) “naplata” as in “dajmiga naplatata” meaning “give me my fee”.

(L) “naplata”, “chlanarina”.

feed – put food in mouth (D) “rani” as in “rani me so ľep” meaning “feed me with bread”.

(L) “hrani”.

feed – food for animals

(D) “rana” as in “claj rana za pravdata” meaning “put feed for the animals”.

(L) “krma”, “hrana”.

female – of the sex that can bear offspring

(D) “zhentska” as in “bebeto e zhentsko” meaning “the baby is female”.

(L) “zhena”, “zhenski”.

fence - barrier

(D) “ograda” as in “kotaro e ograden so trnje” meaning “the corral has been fenced with thorn trees”.

(L) “ograda”, “plot”.

fern – a kind of flowerless plant (D) “papra” as in “papra rasti vo Slafkoa Padina” meaning “ferns grow in Slafkoa Padina”.

(L) “papra”.

fertile – producing abundance of vegetation or crops

(D) “plodno” as in “zemata vo Oshchima e mnogu plodna” meaning “the soil in Oshchima is very fertile”.

(L) “ploden”, “plodoroden”.

fertilize – make soil fertile (D) “ognoj” as in “gradinata se ognojva so gnoj” meaning “the garden is fertilized with manure”.

(L) “nagjubruva”.

festival - celebration (D) “praznik” as in “vo prazniko ke imame gozba” meaning “during the festival we will have a feast”.

(L) “praznik”, “svechenost”,

“gozba” fever – abnormal high body temperature

(D) “treska” as in “bebeto go fati treska” meaning “the baby has caught a fever”.

(L) “treska”.

few – not many, small number, several

(D) “nekolku” and “troa” as in “dajmi nekolku domati i troa piperki” meaning “give me a few tomatoes and a few peppers”.

(L) “malu”, “nekolku”.

field – area of open land (D) “niva”, “olnishche” and “ornitsa” as in “vo nivata sadime rsh, vo olnisheto sadime krtuľi, i vo ornitsata ne samide nishcho za toa se vika ornitsa” meaning “in the field we plant rye, in the field we plant potatoes, and in that field we plant nothing that is why it is called a fallow field”.

(L) “ramnina”, “livada”, “pole”.

fig – soft pear shaped fruit (D) “smokva” as in “smokvata e mnogu blaga” meaning “the fig is very sweet”.

(L) “smokva”.

fight – physical struggle, war, battle, combat

(D) “boj” and “borba” as in “starite vele ke ima boj, ke e golema borba” meaning “the old are saying there will be a fight, it will be a big fight”.

(L) “borba”, “bitka”, “sudir”,

“tepanitsa”.

fill – to make full

(D) “naplna” as in “cheshata se naplna so voda” meaning “the glass got filled with water”.

(L) “napolnuva”.

filth – extreme dirt

(D) “nechista” as in “kukjata ti e nechista” meaning “your house is filthy”.

(L) “nechistotija”.

final – at the end

(D) “posleden” as in “toj e posleden pat sho ke ti recha” meaning “this is the final time that I will tell you”.

(L) “posleden”, “kraen”.

find - discover

(D) “najdi” as in “najdi neshcho ubao” meaning “find something good”.

(L) “naogja”, “otkriva”.

finger – any of the five terminal members of the hand

(D) “prst” as in “imam pet prsti vo rakata” meaning “I have five fingers on my hand”.

(L) “prst”.

finish – bring to an end (D) “dostori” and “sfrshi” as in “musikata dostori” meaning “the music is finished” and “sfrshigo jadenjeto” meaning “finish your meal”.

(L) “kraj”, “zavrshetok”.

fir – evergreen coniferous tree (D) “cham” as in “toj cham e visok i zelen” meaning “that fir tree is tall and green”.

(L) “elka”.

fire – process of combustion (D) “ogan” as in “ogan gori” meaning “fire burns”.

(L) “ogan”, “plamen”, “zhar”.

fireplace – grate or hearth for domestic use

(D) “ognishche” as in “ogan gori vo ognishcheto” meaning “fire burns in the fireplace”.

(L) “ognishte”, “kamin”.

first – foremost in time (D) “prf” as in “ti si prf vo nauka” meaning “you are first in learning”.

(L) “prv”, “preden”.

fish – vertebrate cold blooded animal with gills and fins living in water

(D) “riba” as in “ima ribi vo rekata” meaning “there are fish in the river”.

(L) “riba”.

fist – closed hand

(D) “tupantsa” as in “zatforia rakata i napraj tupantsa” meaning “close your hand and make a fist”.

(L) “tupantsa”.

flag – material used as a country’s emblem

(D) “zname” as in “znameto se vee” meaning “the flag is waving”.

(L) “zname”.

flame – ignited gas

(D) “plamen” as in “pľemnite se vo plamen” meaning “the barns are in flames”.

(L) “plamen”.

flash – sudden short blaze or flame

(D) “lsna” as in “sfetlina lsna i rofja udri” meaning “light flashed and lightning hit”.

(L) “sjaj”, “bolskot”.

flat – horizontal, level, spread out

(D) “ramno” as in “mestoto e ramno” meaning “the place is flat”.

(L) “ramnina”, “kat”.

flavour – mingled sensation of smell and taste

(D) “fkus” as in “nema ich fkus” meaning “it has no taste”.

(L) “vkus”.

flea – small winged jumping insect feeding on blood (D) “voshka” as in “taa ima voshki vo kosata” meaning “she has fleas in her hair”.

(L) “bolva”.

flesh – soft substance between skin and bones

(D) “meso” as in “toa sho e meko megu kozhata i koskite se vika meso” meaning “that which is soft between the skin and bones is called flesh”.

(L) “meso”, “telo”.

float – rests on surface of liquid (D) “plovi” as in “drvo plovi nat voda” meaning “wood floats on water”.

(L) “plivka”, “plovi”.

flock – number of sheep, goats or birds

(D) “buľug” as in “vidi, eden buľug oftsi” meaning “look, a flock of sheep”.

(L) “jato”, “tolpa”, “grupa”.

flood – overflowing of water (D) “bura” as in “rekata isteche, se stori bura” meaning “the river is running, it is becoming a flood”.

(L) “poplava potol”, “tek”,

“navodnuva”.

flour –powder made by milling grain

(D) “brashno” as in “ľep se braj ot brashno” meaning “bread is made from flour”.

(L) “brashno”.

flow – moving liquid

(D) “techi” as in “voda techi” meaning “water flows”.

(L) “tek”, “techenje”.

flower – part of plant from which fruit or seed is developed (D) “tsvekje” as in “edno prepno tsvekje za edna prepna moma” meaning “a pretty flower for a pretty lady”.

(L) “tsvekje”.

fly – move through the air by means of wings

(D) “lita” as in “vrapcheto mozhi da lita” meaning “the bird can fly”.

(L) “let”, “polet”.

fog – thick cloud of water droplets or smoke near earth’s surface

(D) “mngla” as in “ima mngla sekade” meaning “there is fog everywhere”.

(L) “magla”.

fold – bend or close over upon itself

(D) “vitka” as in “ne mia vitkaj koshuľata” meaning “don’t fold my shirt”.

(L) “prevoj”, “pregib”.

folk – people of specific class or people in general

(D) “ľuge” as in “tie se moj ľuge” meaning “they are my folk”.

(L) “narod”, “luge”.

folklore – traditional beliefs (D) “prikazni” as in “prikazni se kazve so zbor” meaning “folklore is told orally”.

(L) “prikaski”.

follow – go or come after person or thing preceeding ahead (D) “odi po” as in “odi po toj choek” meaning “follow that person”.

(L) “predruzhiva”, “odi po nekogo”, “sledi”.

food – nourishment

(D) “jadenje” and “rana” as in “dajmu jadenje da jade, ima rana za site” meaning “give them food to eat, there is food for everyone”.

(L) “hrana”, “jadenje”.

fool – person who thinks and acts unwisely

(D) “budala” as in “aide, ne se raspraaj so nego, toj e budala” meaning “let’s go, don’t debate with him, he is a fool”.

(L) “glupav”, “budala”.

foot – end part of leg (D) “noga” and “pacha” as in “edna noga, dve nodzi” meaning “one foot, two feet” and “pachite mi se vodeni” meaning “my feet are wet”.

(L) “noga”, “taban”.

for – in defence, support, or favour of

(D) “za” as in “eden za site i site za eden” meaning “one for all and all for one”.

(L) “za”, “poradi”, “dokolku”.

forbid – order not to do things (D) “zabrani” and “sprechi” as in “sprechigo neo i zabrania nea da ne mozhe da si ode” meaning “forbid him and borbid her so they can’t leave”.

(L) “zabranuva”, “sprechuva”.

force – strength, power, imetus (D) “sila” as in “treba sila goľema da go turnish kameno” meaning “great force is required to push the stone”.

(L) “sila”, “mokj”.

foreign – of a country or language other than own (D) “chuzh” as in “toj e chuzh choek, ne go znam” meaning “he is foreign person, I don’t know him”.

(L) “tugj”, “stranski”.

forest – large area covered with trees

(D) “orman” as in “vo ormano ima mnogu drva” meaning “in the forest there are a lot of trees”.

(L) “shuma”.

forget – not remember (D) “zaboraj” as in “da me prostish, zaboraj sho mi reche” meaning “forgive me, I forget what you said”.

(L) “zaborava”, “zapostavuva”.

forgive – cease to feel angry or resentful towards someone (D) “prosti” as in “da me prostish, ne shchukna sho reche” meaning “forgive me, I didn’t hear what you said”.

(L) “prostava”, “izvinuva”.

fork – pronged implement used for eating

(D) “viľushka” as in “meso se jadi so viľusjka” meaning “meat is eaten with a fork”.

(L) “vila”, “viljuska”.

forward – onwards or towards the front

(D) “napre” as in “samo napre kamo fronto” meaning “only forward towards the front”.

(L) “preden”.

fox – four legged animal from the dog family

(D) “ľisitsa” as in “ľisitsata ne chua kokoshki” meaning “the fox does not guard chickens”.

(L) “lisitsa”.

freckle – light brown spot on skin

(D) “damka” as in “chupeto e plno so damki” meaning “the girl is full of freckles”.

(L) “pega”, “damka”.

free – not a slave or under control of another

(D) “sloboden” as in “toj e sloboden da bega” meaning “he is free to go”.

(L) “sloboden”, “nezavisen”.

freeze – turn into ice or other solid by cold

(D) “zamrzna” as in “zamrzna ot stut” meaning “I froze from the cold”.

(L) “mrzne”.

fresh – newly made or obtained (D) “presen” as in “baba pechi presen ľep” meaning “grandma is baking fresh bread”.

(L) “svezh”, “presen”, “chist”.

friend – person with whom one enjoys mutual affection and regard

(D) “priateľ” as in “ti imash eden priateľ i edna priateľka” meaning “you have a friend (male) and a friend (female)”.

(L) “priatel”.

frog – small smooth-skinned leaping amphibian without tail (D) “zhaba” as in “enda zhaba, dve zhabi” meaning “one frog, two frogs”.

(L) “zhaba”.

from – expressing separation of origin, followed by person, place, time, etc.

(D) “ot” meaning “ot tuka do tamo” meaning “from here to there”.

(L) “od”.

fry – cook in hot fat (D) “przhi” as in “baba przhi ribi vo tigano” meaning “grandma is frying fish in the pan”.

(L) “przhi”.

full – holding all its limit will allow

(D) “plno” as in “tendzhereto e plno so jadenje” meaning “the pot is full with food”.

(L) “poli”.

funeral – burial or cremation (D) “zakop” as in “denes se zakopa dedomi” meaning “today is my grandfather’s funeral”.

(L) “pogreb”, “zakop”.

funnel – narrow tube widening at the top

(D) “inka” as in “ke ti treba inka da turish vino vo shisheto” meaning “you will need a funnel to pour wine into the bottle”.

(L) “oluk”, “inka”.

funny – amusing, comical (D) “smeshno” as in “toa sho mi kaza e smeshno” meaning “that which you told me is funny”.

(L) “smeshen”.

fur – hair of certain animals, animal skin

(D) “kozha” and “vlna” as in “kozha ot koza i vlna ot oftsa” meaning “goat’s fur (skin) and sheep’s fur (wool)”.

(L) “krzno”, “vlakno”.

further – more far in space (D) “po daľeku” as in “odi po daľeku” meaning “go further”.

(L) “podalechen”, “kraen”.

G gain – obtain or secure (D) “kjari” as in “kjari pojke pari” meaning “I gained more money”.

(L) “dobivka”, “zarabotka”.

game – form of play or sport (D) “igra” as in “ovaa e detintska igra” meaning “this is a children’s game”.

(L) “igra”, “shega”, “razonoda”.

gap – breach in fence or wall, empty space

(D) “treskotina” as in “ima treskotina megu stiso i vratata” meaning “there is a gap between the wall and the door”.

(L) “puknatina”, “prodor”, “jaz”.

garlic – plant with pungent bulb used in cooking

(D) “luk” as in “ako jadish luk ke ti smrdi duho” meaning “if you eat garlic your breath will stink”.

(L) “luk”.

garment – article of dress (D) “pľachka” as in “koshulata e pľachka” meaning “the shirt is a garment”.

(L) “obleka”.