Front Matter - Part 04

gas – air like

(D) “gas” as in “vetro e gas sho dishime” meaning “the air is a gas we breathe”.

(L) “gas”.

gate – barrier used to open or close an entrance or exit (D) “porta” as in “portata e otforena” meaning “the gate is open”.

(L) “porta”, “premnik”, “vlez”.

gather – bring or come together (D) “soberi” as in “odi soberi eden kosh jabolka” meaning “go gather a bushel of apples”.

(L) “sobira”.

gentle – not rough or severe, kind

(D) “krotok” as in “toj e krotok choek” meaning “he is a gentle person”.

(L) “otmen”.

get - receive

(D) “zeva” as in “zevaj pari ot bankata” meaning “get money from the bank”.

(L) “dobiva”, “prima”.

gift - present

(D) “dar” and “podarok” as in “ovoj dar e ot mene ti go davam tebe ko podarok” meaning “this gift is from me I am giving it to you as a gift”.

(L) “dar”, “podarok”.

girl – female child, young wouman

(D) “chupe” as in “malo chupale, stredno chupe i goľema chupa” meaning “small, girl, medium girl and big girl”.

(L) “devojka”.

give – transfer possession (D) “daj” as in “daj me voda da se napija” meaning “give me water to drink”.

(L) “dava”.

glad - pleased

(D) “radosen” as in “si radosen date vida” meaning “I am glad to see you”.

(L) “radosen”, “zadovolen”,

“vesel”.

glance – look briefly (D) “ispuľi” and “dzirna” as in “taa se ispuľi kamo mene i me dzirna so losho oko” meaning “she glanced my way and glanced at me with her evil eye”.

(L) “brz pogled”.

glass – hard transparent substance made by fusing sand with soda

(D) “dzham” as in “ima dzham vo pendzhero” meaning “there is glass in the window”.

(L) “staklo”.

gloat – look or ponder with greedy or malicious pleasure (D) “se due” as in “vidigo ka se due” meaning “look at him gloat”.

(L) “gleda btrencheno”.

glory – renown, honourable fame

(D) “slava” as in “slava na Gospo” meaning “glory to God”.

(L) “slava”.

glove – hand-covering (D) “narakfitsa” an in “klajsi narakfitsa ako ti studi vo rakata” meaning “put on a glove if your hand is cold”.

(L) “narakfitsa”.

glow – emit flameless light (D) “sfeti” as in “zharta vo ogno sfeti” meaning “the coals in the fire glow”.

(L) “sveti”, “bleska”.

go – start moving

(D) “odi” as in “odi doma” meaning “go home”.

(L) “odi”, “patuva”, “minuva”.

goat – small horned ruminant (D) “koza” as in “edna diva koza” meaning “one wild goat”.

(L) “koza”.

God – worshiped supernatural being

(D) “Gosp” as in “Gospo da go prosti” meaning “may God forgive him”.

(L) “Bog”.

gold – precious yellow metallic element

(D) “zlato” as in “zemata vo Oshchima e plna so zlato” meaning “the ground in Oshchima is full of Gold”.

(L) “zlato”.

good – worthy, adequate, proper (D) “dobro” and “arno” as in “ne beri dert, napraj dobro” meaning “don’t wory, you did good” and “e arno toa sho go napraj” meaning “it’s good that which you did”.

(L) “dobro”, “korist”.

goose – webfooted bird larger than duck

(D) “gska” as in “vo Kanada ima mnogu gski” meaning “in Canada there are many geese”.

(L) “guska”.

grab – seize suddenly (D) “drpna”, “chapna” and “grabna” as in “mi a drpna torbata, mi a chapna kapata i mi a grabna koshnitsata” meaning “he grabbed my bag, he grabbed my hat and he grabbed my basket”.

(L) “sfakja”, “zgabuva”.

grain – fruit of seed or cereal (D) “zhito” and “zrno” as in “so zhito se praj brashno” meaning

“with grain flour is made” and “edno zrno jachmen” meaning

“a grain of barley”.

(L) “zrno”, “seme”.

grandfather – male grandparent (D) “dedo” as in “dedo mi kazhva prikazni” meaning “my grandfather tells me stories”.

(L) “dedo”.

grandmother – female grandparent

(D) “baba” as in “baba praj zelnik” meaning “my grandmother is making zelnik”.

(L) “baba”.

grandson – male grandchild (D) “mnuk” as in “baba ima dve mnuchina, mnuk i mnuka” meaning “grandma has two grandchildren, a grandson and a granddaughter”.

(L) “vnuk”.

grape – green, purple or black fruit growing on vine (D) “grozje” as in “vino se praj ot grozje” meaning “wine is made from grapes”.

(L) “grozje”, “grozd”.

grass – any group of wild low lying plants with green blades (D) “treva” as in “oftsite pase treva” meaning “the sheep graze on grass”.

(L) “treva”.

grasshopper – jumping insect (D) “skakuľets” as in “ima mnogu skakuľtsi vo trevata” meaning “there are many grasshoppers in the grass”.

(L) “skakulets” gratful - thankful

(D) “blagodaren” as in “si mnogu blagodaren za pomoshta” meaning “I am grateful for the help”.

(L) “blagodaren”, “priaten”.

grave – hole dug for burial (D) “grop” as in “grop e dupka vo zemata” meaning “a grave is a hole in the ground”.

(L) “grob”.

gravel – coarse sand and small stones

(D) “ajľik” as in “zameshaj pesok, ajľik i chimento” meaning “mix sand, gravel and cement”.

(L) “krupen pesok”.

gravestone – stone marking grave

(D) “pametnik” as in “nat grobo ima pametnik” meaning “on the grave there is a gravestone”.

(L) “nadgrobna plocha”.

graze – eat grass

(D) “pasi” as in “magareto pasi vo gradinata” meaning “the donkey is grazing in the garden”.

(L) “pase”.

great – of size or amount (D) “goľem” as in “toj e goľem choek” meaning “he is a great person”.

(L) “golem”, “slaven”,

“znachaen”.

greed – excessive desire (D) “lakomstvo” as in “toj ima golemo lakomstvo” meaning “he has much greed”.

(L) “alchnost”, “kopnezh”.

greedy – showing greed (D) “lakom” as in “toj e lakom choek” meaning “he is a greedy person”.

(L) “alchen”.

Greek – of Greece

(D) “Grk” as in “toj e Grk, taa e Grkina, tie se Grtsi” meaning “he is Greek, she is Greek, they are Greek”.

(L) “Grk”.

green – a colour between blue and yellow

(D) “zeleno” as in “trevata i ľisjeto se zeleni” meaning “the grass and leaves are green”.

(L) “zeleno”, “zelena boja”.

greet – address politely (D) “pozdravi” as in “pozdravi gi mojte priateli za mene” meaning “greet my friends for me”.

(L) “pozdravuva”.

grey – a colour between black and white

(D) “sivo” as in “kosata na starjo mu e siva” meaning “the old man’s hair is grey”.

grief – deep or intense sorrow (D) “zhaľ” as in “mu e mnogy zhaľ” meaning “grief striken”.

(L) “bol”, “taga”, “zhalost”.

grind – crush to small particles, produce flour

(D) “meľi” as in “brashno se meľi vo vodentsata” meaning “flour is ground in the mill”.

(L) “mele”, “drobi”, “chkrta”.

grip – grasp tightly

(D) “stegni” as in “stegni mi ga rakata” meaning “grip my hand”.

(L) “stisok”, “drzhenje”.

groom - bridegroom

(D) “zet” as in “toj e zet, mladozhents” meaning “he is a groom, newly wed”.

(L) “mladozhenets”.

ground – surface of the earth (D) “zemja” as in “zemjata e zamrznata” meaning “the ground is frozen”.

(L) “zemja”.

group – number of people or things close together (D) “sobrani zaedno” as in “ľuge sobrani zaedno” meaning “a group of people”.

(L) “grupa”, “sobira”.

grouse – game bird with feathered feet

(D) “jarembitsa” as in “jarembitsata se lovi” meaning “the grouse is hunted”.

(L) “erebitsa”.

grow – increase in size (D) “rasti” as in “drvoto rasti” meaning “the tree grows”.

(L) “raste”.

growl – natural sound of anger (D) “grti” as in “kucheto grti” meaning “the dog growls”.

(L) “rzhi”, “mrmori”.

guess - estimate

(D) “protseni” as in “aide, protseni, kazhimi kolku e?” meaning “let’s go, guess, tell me how much is it?”.

(L) “protsena”, “zakluchok”.

guest – person invited to visit (D) “gostin” as in “toj mi e moj gostin” meaning “he is my guest”.

(L) “gostin”.

guilt – feeling of culpability (D) “grej” as in “go fati grej zashcho e krif” meaning “he feels guilt because he is guilty”.

(L) “vina”, “grev”.

gun – any kind of missile firing weapon

(D) “pushka” as in “askero nosi pushki” meaning “the soldiers carry guns”.

(L) “pushka”, “top”, “revolver”.

gunpowder – explosive powder (D) “barut” as in “barut gori brzo” meaning “gunpowder burns fast”.

(L) “barut”.

gut – intestines, bowels (D) “mej” as in “imam golem mej i me boli” meaning “I have a big gut and it hurts me”.

(L) “tsrevo”, “utroba”.

gypsum – mineral used to make plaster

(D) “gipso” as in “stiso e mazhen so gipso” meaning “the wall is coated with gypsum”.

(L) “gips”.

gypsy – member of a wondering dark-skinned people

(D) “gjuptin” as in “toj e gjuptin” meaning “he is a gypsy”.

(L) “gjuptin”.

H hail – pellets of frozen rain (D) “grat” as in “vrni losh grat” meaning “it is raining bad hail”.

(L) “grad”.

hair – fine thread-like strands growing from skin

(D) “kosa”, “vlakno” and “vlna” as in “imash ubaa kosa na glaata” meaning “you have nice hair on your head”, “najdu edno vlakno” meaning “I found a strand of hair” and “oftsite ime krľudzhaa vlna” meaning “sheep have curly hair”.

(L) “kosa”, “vlakno”.

half – one part of something divided in two

(D) “polojna” as in “toj ti e polojna brat” meaning “he is your half brother”.

(L) “polovina”.

hammer – tool with heavy end for pounding

(D) “chekan” as in “ke ti treba chekan da koesh shajki” meaning “you will need a hammer to nail nails”.

(L) “chekan”.

hand – end part of human arm beyond wrist

(D) “raka” as in “edna raka, dve ratsi” meaning “one hand, two hands”.

(L) “raka”.

handle – part by which thing is held

(D) “rachka” as in “fatio chekano za rachkata” meaning “take the hammer by the handle”.

(L) “rachka”.

handsome – good-looking (D) “ubaf” as in “a sho ubaf si” meaning “oh how handsome you are”.

(L) “ubav”, “priaten”,

“blagoroden”.

hang – cause thing to be supported from above

(D) “visi” and “obesi” as in “obesigo da visi” meaning “hang it so it will hang”.

(L) “obesuva”, “visi”.

happen - occur

(D) “se stori” as in “toa sho se stori, se stori” meaning “that which happened, happened”.

(L) “se sluchuva”.

happy – showing pleasure (D) “radosen” as in “si mnogu radosen sho te stretna” meaning “I am very happy to have met you”.

(L) “srekjen”, “zadovolen”,

“vesel”.

hard - firm

(D) “jak” as in “kastitsata ima jaka ľupka” meaning “the walnut has a hard shell”.

(L) “tvrd”.

harm - damage

(D) “zian” as in “ne jadi divi pechurki, ke ti naprae zian” meaning “don’t eat wild mushrooms, they will cause you harm”.

(L) “shteta”, “povreda”, “zlo”.

harvest – gathering in of crops (D) “soberva” as in “vo esen se soberva plodo” meaning “in the fall the crops are harvested”.

(L) “zhetva”, “berva”, “plod”.

hat – cover for the head (D) “shapka” and “kapa” as in “jas imam mnogu shapki i kapi” meaning “I have many hats and caps (hats)”.

(L) “sheshir”, “palarija”.

hate – dislike greatly (D) “pizma” as in “jas ne te pizma” meaning “I don’t hate you”.

(L) “omraza”, “mrazi”.

have – hold in possession (D) “ima” as in “jas imam, ti imash, toj ima, nie imame, vie imate, tie ime” meaning “I have, you have, he has, we have, you have, they have”.

(L) “ima”.

haven’t – have not

(D) “nema” as in “jas nemam nishcho” meaning “I have nothing”.

(L) “nema”.

hawk – bird of prey with rounded wings

(D) “orľe” as in “orľeto lita brzo i nisko” meaning “the hawk flies fast and low”.

(L) “sokol”.

he – male, man, boy, etc.

(D) “toj” as in “toj e aren choek” meaning “he is a good person”.

(L) “toj”.

head – upper part of human body above neck

(D) “glaa” as in “toj ima golema glaa” meaning “he has a big head”.

(L) “glava”.

heal – become healthy (D) “uzdraj” and “ľekva” as in “boľata uzdraj” meaning “the wound healed” and “boľata se izľekva so biľka” meaning “the wound is healed with medicine”.

(L) “lekuva”, “se izlekuva”.

health – state of being well (D) “zdravje” as in “zdravjeto e mnogu vazhno na zhivotta” meaning “health is very important to life”.

(L) “zdravje”.

heap – number of things lying on one another

(D) “kup” as in “imam eden kup krtuľi” meaning “I have a heap of potatoes”.

(L) “tolpa”.

hear – listen, perceive with the ear

(D) “shchuka” as in “toj shchuka sho velish” meaning “he hears what you are saying”.

(L) “slusha”.

heart – organ maintaining blood circulation

(D) “srtse” as in “srtseto mi bie” meaning “my heart is pounding”.

(L) “srtse”.

heartburn – burning sensation in chest

(D) “zhegojna” as in “me gori zhegojna” meaning “I have a burning heartburn”.

heat – being hot

(D) “goreshchina” as in “na utro e toplo a na ruchok e goreshchina” meaning “in the morning it’s warm and at noon it’s hot”.

(L) “zheshtina”, “toplina”.

heavy – of great weight (D) “teshko” as in “ne mozha da o krena e teshko” meaning “I can’t lift it, it’s heavy”.

(L) “tezhok”.

hedgehog – small mammal with thick coat of spines

(D) “ezh” as in “ezho e pokrien so trnje” meaning “the hedgehog is covered with spines”.

(L) “ezh”.

heel – back part of foot below ankle

(D) “peta” as in “chorapo mi e dupen na petata” meaning “my sock has a hole at the heel”.

(L) “petitsa”.

height – measurement from base to top

(D) “visochina” as in “megu koreno i vro drvoto ima dosta visochina” meaning “between the root and the top the tree has considerable height”.

(L) “visina”.

hell – place or state of misery (D) “pekol” as in “goreshchi leta se pekol” meaning “hot summers are hell”.

(L) “pekol”.

help – provide with assistance (D) “pomosh” as in “mi treba pomosh” meaning “I need help”.

(L) “pomosh”.

hen – female bird

(D) “kokoshka” as in

“kokoshkata snese jajtse” meaning “the hen layed an egg”.

(L) “kokoshka”.

herd – a number of sheep or other animals together (D) “buľug” and “surja” as in “eden buľug oftsi i enda surja voloj” meaning “a herd of sheep and a herd of oxen”.

(L) “stado”, “surija”.

here – in or at this place (D) “tuka” as in “ke me najdish tuka” meaning “you will find me here”.

(L) “ovde”, “tuka”, “vamu”, “ovdeka”, “ete”, “eve”.

hide – put or keep out of sight (D) “krie” as in “toj se krie” meaning “he is hiding”.

(L) “krie”.

high – of great upward extent (D) “visok” as in “planinata e visoka” meaning “the mountain is high”.

(L) “visok”, “golem”.

hill – natural elevation of ground (D) “rit” as in “nema drva na rido” meaning “there are no trees on the hill”.

(L) “rid”, “ritche”.

hip – projection formed by pelvis

(D) “klk” as in “klko me boľi” meaning “my hip is hurting”.

(L) “bedor”, “kolk”.

history – continuous record of events

(D) “istorija” as in “istorija na Makedonija” meaning “history of Macedonia”.

(L) “istorija”.

hit – strike with blow or missile (D) “udri” as in “udri go so stapo” meaning “hit him with the stick”.

(L) “udar”.

hive – box for housing bees

(D) “uľishche” as in “vo uľishcheto ima met” meaning “in the hive there is honey”.

(L) “koshnitsa”, “roj”.

hog – castrated male pig (D) “sfinja” as in “taa e debela sfinja” meaning “that’s a fat hog”.

(L) “svinja”, “vepar”, “brav”.

hold – keep fast in one’s hands, arms, etc, grasp

(D) “drzhi” as in “drzhi go da ne padni” meaning “hold him so that he will not fall”.

(L) “drzhenje”, “fakjanje”.

hole – cavity in solid body (D) “dupka” as in “dupi enda dupka” meaning “poke a hole”.

(L) “dupka”, “jama”.

holy – belonging to or devoted to God

(D) “posfeten” as in “posfetena majka na Gospo” meaning “holy mother of God”.

(L) “svetina”, “svet”, “posveten”.

home – place where one lives (D) “doma” as in “ojsi doma” meaning “go home”.

(L) “kukja”, “dom”, “tatkovina”.

honest – fair and sincere in character and behaviour (D) “chesen” as in “toj e chesen choek” meaning “he is an honest person”.

(L) “chesen”, “prav”, “iskren”.

honey – sweet sticky fluid made by bees

(D) “met” as in “ovoj e mnogu blak met” meaning “this is very sweet honey”.

(L) “med”.

honour – nobleness of mind (D) “ches” as in “dajte mu ches na toj choek” meaning “honour that person”.

(L) “chest”, “pochituvanje”.

hope – expectation and desire (D) “nadesh” as in “se nadevam oti ke ga naprajsh rabotata” meaning “I hope you will do the job”.

(L) “nadesh”.

horn – hard out growth, often curved and pointed, from head of animal

(D) “rok” as in “toj vol ima samo eden rok” meaning “that ox has only one horn”.

(L) “rog”, “horna”.

horse – large animal used for riding or pulling cart (D) “kon” as in “kono trcha brzo” meaning “the horse runs fast”.

(L) “konj”.

hot – high temperature (D) “goreshcho” as in “sntseto e toplo na utro i goreshcho na ruchok” meaning “the sun is warm in the morning and hot at noon”.

(L) “zhezhok”, “topol”.

hot – spice causing sensation of heat

(D) “ľuto” as in “piperkite se ľuti” meaning “the peppers are hot”.

(L) “luto”.

hour – sixty minutes

(D) “saat” as in “eden saat ima sheese minuti” meaning “an hour has sixty minutes”.

(L) “chas”, “saat”.

house – building for human habitation

(D) “kukja” as in “mojta kukja” meaning “my house”.

(L) “dom”, “kukja”.

how – in what way

(D) “ka” as in “ka se mozhi taka?” meaning “how can that be?”.

(L) “kako”, “na koj nachin”.

howl – cry of a dog or wolf (D) “vie” as in “vlko vie kucheto se krie” meaning “the wolf is howling, the dog is hiding”.

(L) “vie”, “zaviva”.

hug – hold closely in one’s arms (D) “zgrabi” as in “zgrabi go ti e brat” meaning “hug him he is your brother”.

(L) “pregrnuva”.

humid – damp air

(D) “vlazhno” as in “denes vremeto e vlazhno” meaning “today the weather is humid”.

(L) “vlazhen”, “voden”.

hunger – pain caused by want of food

(D) “glados” as in “ke umra ot glados” meaning “I will die of hunger”.

(L) “glad”.

hunt – pursue wild game for sport or food

(D) “lof” as in “utre ke ojme po lof” meaning “tomorrow we will go hunting”.

(L) “lov” hunter – one who hunts (D) “lovdzhija” as in “lovdzhijata odi po lof” meaning “the hunter is going hunting”.

(L) “lovets”.

hurry – great haste

(D) “vjasaj se” and “brzaj se” meaning “vjasaj se da oime po rano” meaning “hurry so we can go earlier” and “brzaj se napraj ruchok po brzo” meaning “hurry make lunch faster”.

(L) “itanje”, “brzanje”.

husband – married man (D) “msh” as in “toj e msh na taa zhena” meaning “he is husband to this woman”.

(L) “mazh”, “soprug”.

hut – small, simple, crude house (D) “kaľiva” as in “letoto ofcharo spie vo kaliva” meaning “in the summer the shepheard sleeps in a hut”.

(L) “koliba”, “baraka”.

I – of first person singular

(D) “jas” as in “jas si choek” meaning “I am a person”.

(L) “jas”.

ice – frozen water

(D) “mras” as in “rekata zamrzna i vodata se stori mras” meaning “the river froze and the water turned to ice”.

(L) “mraz”.

icon – sacred painting (D) “ikona” as in “ima mnogu ikoni vo tsrkvata” meaning “there are many icons in the church”.

(L) “lik”, “kip”, “ikona”.

idea – plan or scheme formed by thinking

(D) “misľa” as in “imam edna golema misľa za sfadba” meaning “I have a great idea for a festival”.

(L) “misla”, “ideja”.

identical – one and the same (D) “ednakov” as in “nie imame ednakov krľuk” meaning “we have an identical staff”.

(L) “identichen”, “ist”.

ignite – set fire to

(D) “zapaľi” as in “zapaľi go ogno” meaning “ignite the fire”.

(L) “zapaluva”, “se zharuva”.

ignorant – lacking knowledge, uninformed

(D) “neuchen” as in “toj e neuchen, znae nishcho” meaning “he is ignorant, knows nothing”.

(L) “neuk”.

ill - sick

(D) “boľen” as in “e boľen, go boľi glaata” meaning “is sick, has a headache”.

(L) “bolen”.

illness – ill health

(D) “boľes” as in “taa ima losha boľes” meaning “she has a bad illness”.

(L) “boles”.

immature – not mature, unripe (D) “nerazvien” as in “ne ftasani jabolka se nerazvieni” meaning “unripe apples are immature”.

(L) “nezrel”, “nerazvien”,

“nesovrshen”.

important – of great effect (D) “vazhno” as in “toa za mene e vazhno” meaning “that for me is important”.

(L) “vazhen”, “znachaen”.

impossible – not possible (D) “nemozhi” as in “toa nemozhi da se stori” meaning “that is impossible to happen”.

(L) “nemozhen”.

impoverish – make poor (D) “se osiromashi” as in “se osiromashi ot daanje” meaning “became impoverished from giving”.

(L) “osiromashuva”.

improve – make or become better

(D) “se podobri” as in “se podobri so znaenje” meaning “improved with knowledge”.

(L) “se podobruva”.

in – expressing inclusion (D) “vo” “ke se vrna vo edna nedeľa” meaning “I will return in a week”.

(L) “vnatre”, “megju”, “sred”,

“na”, “od”, “za”.

include – put in certain category (D) “vkľuchi” as in “ke te vkľucha i tebe vo istata rabota so nego” meaning “I will include you in the same job with him”.

(L) “vkluchuva”, “sodrzhi”.

increase – become or make greater or more

(D) “zgoľemi” as in “ka ke mozha da gi zgoľema parite?” meaning “how can I increase my money?”.

(L) “porast”, “zlolemuvanje”.

incubate – hatch eggs by sitting on them

(D) “kfachi” as in “kokoshkata kfachi jajtsa” meaning “the hen is incubating eggs”.

(L) “lezhi na jajtsa”.

indicate – point out, make known

(D) “najavi” as in “najavi koj e toj choek” meaning “indicate which one is the person”.

(L) “najavuva”, “inditsira”,

“ukazhuva”.

individual – single, particular (D) “zasebe” as in “sekoj eden si beri gajle zasebesi” meaning “everyone is worried for their individual self”.

(L) “lichen”, “individualen”,

“zaseben”.

infant – child during early period in life

(D) “detentse” as in “toa e mlado detentse” meaning “that is a young infant”.

(L) “dete”.

inflate – distend with air (D) “naduj” as in “naduj go trkaloto na bajsiko” meaning “inflate the bicycle tire”.

(L) “naduva”.

inhabit - occupy

(D) “zhivi” as in “toj zhivi vo golema kukja” meaning “he inhabits a big house”.

(L) “zhivee”, “naseluva”.

inhale – breathe in

(D) “zadishi” as in “zadishi i izdishi” meaning “inhale and exhale”.

(L) “vdishuva”.

ink – black or coloured fluid used for writing and printing (D) “murege” as in “pishi pismo so perduf i murege” meaning “write a letter with a feather and ink”.

(L) “mastilo”.

in-laws – relatives by marriage (D) “sfekor” and “sfekrva” as in “sfekor i sfekrva” meaning “father-in-law and mother-in- law”.

(L) “svekor”, “svekorva”.

inn – house providing lodging

(D) “an” as in “vo ano” meaning

“in the inn”.

(L) “gostilnitsa”.

insane – not sane, mad (D) “lut” as in “toj e lut, jadi mnogu ľut luk” meaning “he is insane, he eats very hot garlic”.

(L) “lud”, “nerazbran”.

inside – inner side or part (D) “vnatre” as in “vnatre i nadvor” meaning “inside and out”.

(L) “vnatre”, “odnatre”.

insist - demand

(D) “nastojava” as in “toj nastojava ne go napraj” meaning “he insists he didn’t do it”.

(L) “nastojava”, “tvrdi”,

“insistira”.

inspect - examine

(D) “pregledva” as in “toj ga pregledva mashinata ushche ednash” meaning “he is inspecting the machine one more time”.

(L) “pregleduva”, “ispituva”.

instant - immediate

(D) “sega” as in “sakam jadenje sega” meaning “I want my food this instant”.

(L) “segashen”, “moment”,

“chas”.

instead – in place of (D) “na mesto” as in “dajmio toa na mesto ot ova” meaning “give me that instead of this”.

(L) “na mesto”.

instruct - teach

(D) “uchi” as in “uchi gi dechinata da pee” meaning “instruct the boys to read”.

(L) “uchi”, “pouchuva”,

“upatuva”.

insult - offend

(D) “navreda” as in “ne go navredvaj choeko” meaning “don’t insult the person”.

(L) “navreda”.

intelligent – quickness of understanding

(D) “umen” as in “toj e umen, znae mnogu raboti” meaning “he is intelligent, knows many things”.

(L) “razumen”, “umen”.

interest – concern or curiosity (D) “vnimanje” as in “ne mu dava vnimanje” meaning “has no interest”.

(L) “vnimanje”, “korist”.

interpret – explain foreign words

(D) “prevedi” as in “prevedi Makedontski na Anglitski” meaning “interpret Macedonian to English”.

(L) “tolkuva”, “protolkuva”,

“preveduva”.

intersection – place where two roads cross

(D) “raskrsnitsa” as in “dva patoj grede na raskrsnitsa” meaning “two roads come to an intersection”.

(L) “raskrsnitsa”.

intestine – lower part of alimentary canal

(D) “tsereo” as in “tsereata se vo mejo” meaning “the intestines are in the abdomen”.

(L) “tsreva”, “utroba”.

introduce – make known by name to another

(D) “zapozna” as in “ostajme da te zapoznam so gostite” meaning “let me introduce you to the guests”.

(L) “voveduva”, “pretstavuva”, “zapoznava”, “iznesuva”.

invite – ask person to come (D) “pokani” as in “pokani go priateľo” meaning “invite your friend”.

(L) “povikuva”.

iron – metallic element (D) “zheľezo” meaning “jako ko zheľezo” meaning “hard like iron”.

(L) “zhelezo”.

island – piece of land surrounded by water

(D) “ostrof” as in “ima ostrof vo maloto Prespantsko ezero” meaning “there is an island in little Prespa lake”.

(L) “ostrov”.

it – the thing

(D) “toa” as in “toa e moe” meaning “it is mine”.

(L) “toa”, “ona”.

itch – irritation in skin (D) “japi” as in “rakata me japi, ke zevam pari” meaning “my hand is itchy, I will receive money”.

(L) “jade”, “jadezh”,

“cheshanje”.

J Jackass – male ass

(D) “magare” as in “magareto e aren pomozhnik za nosenje drva” meaning “the jackass is a good helper in carrying loads of wood”.

(L) “magare”.

jacket – sleeved short outer garment

(D) “kuso palto” as in “vo esen se nosi kuso palto” meaning “in the fall one wears a jacket”.

(L) “navlaka”.

jaw – bone containg the teeth (D) “vilitsa” as in “ima gorna i dolna vilitsa” meaning “there is an upper and a lower jaw”.

(L) “vilitsa”.

jay – noisy European bird (D) “sojka” as in “sojkata zhivi vo drvata” meaning “the jay lives in the trees”.

(L) “sojka”.

jelly – soft stiffish semi-transparent food made from boiling pig’s feet

(D) “piftia” as in “piftia se praj ot varanje bishkoj pachi” meaning “jelly is made by boiling pig’s feet”.

(L) “peljte”, “pacha”.

job – piece of work

(D) “rabota” as in “naprajmi edna mala rabota” meaning “do a small job for me”.

(L) “sluzhba”, “rabota”.

joint – place at which two things join

(D) “gľuzh” as in “gľuzhojte na prstite me boľe” meaning “the joints on my fingers hurt”.

(L) “sostav”, “mesto na spojuvanje”.

joke - jest

(D) “smeshka” as in “kazhini edna smeshka” meaning “tell us a joke”.

(L) “shega”.

joy - gladness

(D) “rados” as in “mi donese rados” meaning “you brought me joy”.

(L) “radost”, “veselba”.

jug – vessel with handle for holding and pouring liquid (D) “grne” as in “naplnio grneto so vino” meaning “fill the jug with wine”.

(L) “grne”, “bokal”.

juice – liquid content of fruit (D) “sok” as in “sok ot portokal” meaning “orange juice”.

(L) “sok”.

jump – move up off ground (D) “skokni” as in “skokni ot kamen na kamen” meaning “jump from rock to rock”.

(L) “skoka”.

just – acting or doing in accordance with what’s morally right

(D) “tokmu” as in “toa sho go napraj e tokmu” meaning “that which you did is just”.

(L) “tokmu”, “pravelen”.

K keep – retain possession (D) “drzhi” as in “drzhi go, e tfoe” meaning “keep it, it’s yours”.

(L) “drzhi”, “chuva”.

keg – small kask or barrel (D) “boche” as in “dedo drzhi vino vo bocheto” meaning “grandpa keeps wine in the keg”.

(L) “burentse”, “bochventse”.

kerchief – square cloth used to cover head

(D) “shamija” as in “zhenata nosi shamija na glaata” meaning “the woman wears a kerchief on her head”.

(L) “shamivche”.

kettle – vessel with handle for boiling water

(D) “kotľe” as in “voda se vari vo kotľeto” meaning “water is boiling in the kettle”.

(L) “lonets”, “kotel”.

key – instrument for moving bolt of lock

(D) “kľuch” as in “otkľuchi vratata so kľucho” meaning “unlock the door with a key”.

(L) “kluch”.

kick – thrust out with foot or hoof

(D) “klotsni” as in “chuajse kono da ne te klotsni” meaning “protect yourself so the horse doesn’t kick you”.

(L) “udar so noga”, “klotsanje”.

kid – young goat

(D) “jare” as in “jare e mlada koza” meaning “a kid is a young goat”.

(L) “jare”.

kidney – glandular organ in abdominal cavity

(D) “bubreg” as in “eden bubreg, dva bubredzi” meaning “one kidney, two kidneys”.

(L) “bubreg”.

kill – deprive of life (D) “umori” as in “chuajse da ne te umori nekoj” meaning “protect yourself so that someone doesn’t kill you”.

(L) “ubiva”, “koli”, “unishtuva”.

kin – one’s relative or family (D) “rodnina” as in “tie ľuge mi se rodnina” meaning “those people are my kin”.

(L) “rodnina”.

kind – gentle or benevolent (D) “dobar” as in “toj e dobar tatko” meaning “he is a good father”.

(L) “dobar”.

king – male sovereign (D) “tsar” as in “Aleksandar beshe tsar na Makedonija” meaning “Alexander was king of Macedonia”.

(L) “kral”.

kiss – touch given with lips (D) “batsi” as in “batsi me” meaning “kiss me”.

(L) “baknezh”.

kitten – young of cat (D) “matse” as in “edno malo matse” meaning “a small kitten”.

(L) “mache”.

knee – joint between thigh and lower leg

(D) “koľeno” as in “si go udri koľenoto” meaning “I bumped my knee”.

(L) “koleno”.

knife – cutting instrument (D) “nosh” as in “se poseku so nozho” meaning “I cut myself with the knife”.

(L) “nosh”.

knitting – work being knitted (D) “pleti”, “vezi” as in “baba pleti chorapi i majka vezhi shamiche” meaning “grandma is knitting socks and mother is knitting a bandanna”.

(L) “plete”, “veze”.

knock – strike with audible sharp blow

(D) “chuka” and “ropa” as in “ropa poleka i setne chuka so sila” meaning “knocks slowly and then knocks hard”.

(L) “chuka”, “udira”, “tepa”.

knot – to fasten together rope or string

(D) “gresh” as in “vrzi ga fortomate in napraj gresh” meaning “tie the rope and make a knot”.

(L) “jazol”, “klopche”, “vrzuva”.

know – have learnt

(D) “znam” as in “jas zmam, ti znaesh, toj znae, nie znaeme, vie znaete, tie znae” meaning “I know, you know, he knows, we know, you know, they know”.

(L) “znae”, “razbira”.

L labour - work

(D) “rabota” as in “rabotam tsel den” meaning “I labour all day”.

(L) “rabota”, “trud”, “napor”.

ladder – used for climbing up and down on things

(D) “skaľe” as in “vjani na chatiata po skaľeto” meaning “climb to the roof on the ladder”.

(L) “skala”.

ladle – deep long handled spoon (D) “lajtsa za tsrpenje” as in “turisi chorba sa lajtsa za tsrpenje” meaning “pour yourself soup with a ladle”.

(L) “meshalka”, “golema lazhitsa”.

lady – woman of good social standing

(D) “gospodja” as in

“gospodjata nosi kozheno palto” meaning “the lady is wearing a fur coat”.

(L) “dama”, “gospogja”.

lake – extra large expance of water

(D) “ezero” as in “Prespantskoto ezero ima ostrof” meaning “Prespa Lake has an island”.

(L) “ezero”.

lamb – young of sheep (D) “jagne” as in “oftsata rodi jagne” meaning “the sheep gave birth to a lamb”.

(L) “jagne”.

lame – disabled, unable to walk (D) “kuts” and “sakat” as in “toj e kuts nogata ne mu rabota” meaning “he is lame, his leg doesn’t work” and “toj e sakat, se ranosa vo bojo” meaning “he is lame, he was wounded in the war”.

(L) “sakat”, “kriv”.

lamp – device or vessel for giving light

(D) “lamba” and “kandilo” as in “lambata mu dava sfetlo na tsela odaa” meaning “the lamp lights up the entire room” and “kandiloto dava troa sfetlo za koga nekoj bara neshcho noshiata” meaning “the lamp gives little light for when someone is looking for something in the night”.

(L) “lamba”, “svetilka”.

land – solid part of earth’s surface

(D) “zemija” and “kraj” as in “ovaa e moja zemija” meaning “this is my land” and “jas si dojden ot daľechen kraj” meaning “I have come from a far away land”.

(L) “zemja”, “kopno”, “suvo”,

“kraj”, “tatkovona”.

language – words and their use (D) “jazic” as in “toj sborva eden jazik, taa sborba dva jazitsi” meaning “he speaks one language, she speaks two languages”.

(L) “jazik”, “govor”.

lantern – transparent case holding a light and shielding it (D) “fener” as in “fenero se nosi va raka” meaning “the lantern is carried in hand”.

(L) “fener”, “lamba”.

lap – front from waist to knees (D) “skut” as in “imam kuche vo skuto” meaning “I have a dog in my lap”.

(L) “skut”.

lard – pig fat

(D) “salo” as in “baba przhi krtuľi vo salo” meaning “grandma is frying potatoes in lard”.

(L) “mast”.

large – considerable or relatively great size or extent

(D) “goľem” as in “goľem ogan” meaning “large fire”.

(L) “golem”.

last – after all others (D) “posľeden” as in “toj e posľeden da bega” meaning “he is last to leave”.

(L) “posleden”, “zaden”,

“minat”.

latch – bar with catch and lever as fastening of gate

(D) “klapa” as in “klajga klapata na vratata” meaning “apply the latch to the door”.

(L) “kvaka”, “reze”, “rachka na vrata”.

laugh – expressing lively amusement by sound

(D) “se smee” as in “ne znam zashcho toj se smee” meaning “I don’t know why he is laughing”.

(L) “smea”, “veselost”, “se smee”.

lavatory – receptacle for urine and faeces

(D) “aľe” as in “vo Oshchima aľinata se nadvor” meaning “in Oshchima the lavatories are outside”.

(L) “nuzhnik”, “peralna”.

law – rule enacted

(D) “zakon” as in “za sfe ima zakon” meaning “for everything there is a law”.

(L) “zakon”.

lawn – piece of grass kept mown and smooth

(D) “treva” as in “aide odi poadia trevata” meaning “go water the lawn”.

(L) “ledinska”, “zelena treva”.

lazy – doing little work (D) “ajľas” as in “toj e aiľas, ne mu se rabota” meaning “he is lazy, doesn’t want to work”.

(L) “mrza”.

lead – a heavy gray soft metallic element

(D) “oloo” as in “e teshko ko oloo” meaning “is heavy like lead”.

(L) “olovo”.

leader – person or thing that leads

(D) “vodach” as in “vodacho go vodi askero na vojna” meaning “the leader is leading the soldiers to war”.

(L) “rakovoditel”, “vodach”.

leaf – green part of plant (D) “ľist” as in “ľisto e zelen, ľisieto padve na esen” meaning “the leaf is green, the leaves fall in the fall”.

(L) “list”.

leak – hole through which liquid passes

(D) “techi” as in “voda techi ot edno malo dupche” meaning “water leaks from a small hole”.

(L) “teche”.

lean – thin not fat

(D) “slap” as in “toj e slap a taa e po slaba” meaning “he is lean and she is leaner”.

(L) “suv”, “slab”.

learn – gain knowledge of (D) “uchi” as in “uchi se da pishish” meaning “learn to write”.

(L) “uchi”, “nauchuva”.

leave – go away

(D) “begaj” as in “begaj ot tuka” meaning “leave from here”.

(L) “zaminuva”.

leek – vegetable of onion family (D) “pras” as in “majka pechi zelnik so pras” meaning “mother is baking zelnik with leeks”.

(L) “praz”.

left – on or towards the west side of the human body when facing north

(D) “ľevo” as in “na raskrsnitsata sfrti na ľevo” meaning “at the crossroad turn left”.

(L) “lev”.

left - departed

(D) “izbega” as in “izbega ot doma” meaning “left home”.

(L) “zamina”.

leg – each of the limbs on which a person or animal stands or walks

(D) “noga” as in “edna noga, dve nodzi” meaning “one leg, two legs”.

(L) “noga”.

length – measurement of extent end to end

(D) “dlzhina” as in “meria dlzhinata, kolku e dlgo?” meaning “measure the length, how long is it?”

(L) “dolzhina”, “dalechina”.

leper – person with leprosy (D) “krastaf” as in “se repa ko krastaf” meaning “is scraching himself like a leper”.

(L) “gubavets”, “krastav”.

less – smaller in size (D) “po troa” as in “dajmu po troa” meaning “give him less”.

(L) “pomal”.

let – allow or enable (D) “pushchi” as in “pushchio neka bega” meaning “let him go he can leave”.

(L) “pushta”.

letter – any of the symbols representing sounds

(D) “bukva” as in “ ‘a’ e bukva” meaning “ ‘a’ is a letter”.

(L) “bukva”.

letter – inscription as in inscribe letters on

(D) “pismo” as in “zve pismo ot bratmi” meaning “I received a letter from my brother”.

(L) “pismo”.

level – horizontal line or plane (D) “ramnina” as in “ramnina i strmnina” meaning “level and incline”.

(L) “prav”, “nivo”, “ramnina”.

liar – person who tells lies (D) “mameľedzhja” as in “toj e mameľedzhia” meaning “he is a liar”.

(L) “lazhlivets”.

liberate – release, set at liberty (D) “oslobodi” as in “da oslobodime Makedonija” meaning “to liberate Macedonia”.

(L) “osloboduva”.

lick – pass tongue over (D) “ľizni” as in “aide ľizni troa met, medo e za ľizhenje” meaning “go ahead lick some honey, the honey is for licking”.

(L) “lizhe”.

lie – assume horizontal position (D) “ľegni” as in “ľegni dolu da ne padnish” meaning “lie down so you won’t fall”.

(L) “legnuva”.

lie – make false statement (D) “mami” as in “toj ne e veren, mnugu mami” meaning “he is not reliable, he lies a lot”.

(L) “lazhe”.

life – capacity for growth, state of existance

(D) “zhivot” as in “ima ushche dosta zhivot vo gradinata” meaning “there is still plenty of life in the garden”.

(L) “zhivot”.

lift – raise to higher position (D) “kreni” as in “kreni go po visiko” meaning “lift him higher”.

(L) “kreva”.

light – appearance of brightness, stimulates sight and makes things visible

(D) “sfetlo” as in “vidu edno sfetlo vo neboto” meaning “I saw a light in the sky”.

(L) “svetlost”.

light – of little weight (D) “ľesen” as in “toaro e ľesen mozha da go nosa” meaning “the load is light I can carry it”.

(L) “lesen”.

lighter – device to light cigarettes

(D) “chakmak” as in “da ne imash chakmak?” meaning “do you have a lighter?”

(L) “zapalka”.

lightning – flash of bright light produced by electric discharge (D) “rofija” as in “udri rofija” meaning “lightning struck”.

(L) “molnja”.

like – similar to

(D) “ko” as in “omjasfa ko tebe” meaning “looks like you”.

(L) “kako”.

like - admire

(D) “milva” as in “site nego go milve” meaning “everyone likes him”.

(L) “saka”.

limp – walk lamely

(D) “kutsa” as in “kutsa zash nogata go biľi” meaning “he has a limp because his leg hurts”.

(L) “krivi”.

line – long narrow mark traced on surface

(D) “ľinija” as in “taa e dlga ľinija” meaning “that is a long line”.

(L) “linija” linen – cloth woven from flax, articles made of linen (D) “platno” as in “toa e teshko platno” meaning “that is heavy linen”.

(L) “platno”.

lion – large powerful carnivorous animal of cat family (D) “urshlan” as in “urshlano zhivi vo Afrika” meaning “the lion lives in Africa”.

(L) “lav”.

lip – either of the fleshy parts forming opening of mouth (D) “buza” as in “buzata mi e potechena” meaning “my lip is swollen”.

(L) “usna”, “rab”.

listen – make effort to hear something

(D) “shchuka” as in “taa shchuka sho mu veľish” meaning “she listens to what you say”.

(L) “slusha”.

little – small in size (D) “malo” as in “edno malo dete” meaning “a little boy”.

(L) “malo”.

live – have life

(D) “zhif” as in “e ranosan ama e zhif” meaning “is wounded but he lives”.

(L) “zhiv”, “postoj”.

liver – large granular organ in abdomen

(D) “dzhiger” as in “dzhigero mu pozhlti” meaning “his liver turned yellowish”.

(L) “dzhiger”.

living – being alive

(D) “zhivot” as in “toj zhivee zhivot” meaning “he is living life”.

(L) “zhivot”.

lizard – reptile with legs having long body and tail

(D) “gushcher” as in “gushchero ima chetiri nodzi” meaning “the lizard has four legs”.