Front Matter - Part 07

(D) “pitom” as in “zaeko e pitom” meaning “the rabbit is tame”.

(L) “pitom”, “krotok”.

tar – dark thick inflammable liquid

(D) “katran” an in “volo e tsrn ko katran” meaning “the ox is black like tar”.

(L) “katran”.

taste – sensation caused in the tongue

(D) “fkus” as in “jabolkoto ima ubaf fkus” meaning “the apple tastes good”.

(L) “vkus”.

tea – evergreen shrub grown in India and China

(D) “chaj” as in “planintski chaj” meaning “mountain tea”.

(L) “chaj”.

teach – give instruction (D) “uchi” as in “uchi se da pishish” meaning “teach yourself to write”.

(L) “uchi”.

tear – pull apart

(D) “skini” as in “skini go na mali komachina” meaning “tear it to small pieces”.

(L) “kini”, “korni”.

teeth – more than one tooth (D) “zmbi” as in “imam chisti zmbi” meaning “I have clean teeth”.

(L) “zabi”.

tell – relate or narrate in speech or writing

(D) “kazhi” as in “kazhi mi sho veľi toj” meaning “tell me what he says” .

(L) “veli”, “kazhuva”.

tender – easily cut or chewed (D) “mek” as in “tlchenoto meso e meko” meaning “pounded meat is tender”.

(L) “mek”, “nezhen”.

than – introducing second element in comparison (D) “ot” as in “toj e po golem ot tebe” meaning “he is bigger than you”.

(L) “od”, “tuku”.

thank – express gratitude (D) “spolaj” as in “spolajti” meaning “thank you”.

(L) “blagodaram”.

that – the person or thing indicated or named

(D) “toa” as in “ti si choek a toa e neshcho” meaning “you are a person and that is a thing”.

(L) “toa”.

theft - stealing

(D) “kradba” as in “kradba e protif zakono” meaning “theft is against the law”.

(L) “krazhba”.

their – of or belonging to them (D) “nemni” as in “tie se nemni detsa” meaning “they are their children”.

(L) “nivni”.

them – case of they

(D) “tie” as in “tie se moj kjerki” meaning “them, they are my daughters”.

(L) “niv” there – in or at or at that place (D) “tamo” as in “tamo dolu” meaning “down there”.

(L) “tamu”, “onamu”.

thick – of specified or great depth between opposite surfaces

(D) “debel” as in “debel remen” meaning “thick belt”.

(L) “debel”, “gust”.

thief – one who steals (D) “aramia” as in “aramiata mi gi ukradi parite” meaning “the thief stole my money”.

(L) “aramia”, “kradets”.

thin – having opposite surfaces close together

(D) “slap” as in “tfojo remen e slap” meaning “your belt is thin”.

(L) “slab”, “redok”.

thing – an inanimate object (D) “neshcho” as in “igrachka e neshcho” meaning “a toy is a thing”.

(L) “stvar”, “predmet”.

think – be of opinion, judge or consider

(D) “misli” as in “misli se sho ke mu rechish” meaning “think what you are going to say to him”.

(L) “misli”, “smeta”.

thirsty – having a desire or need to drink

(D) “kapnat” as in “si kapnat mi se pie voda” meaning “I am thirsty I need to drink water”.

(L) “zhed”, “kopnezh”.

this – person or thing close at hand

(D) “ovoj”, “ovaa” and “ova” as in “ovoj msh, ovaa zhena i ova kuche” meaning “this man, this woman and this dog”.

(L) “ovoj”, “ovaa”, “ova”.

thorn – sharp pointed projection on plant

(D) “trn” as in “stpna na trn i mi vleze vo nogata” meaning “I stepped on a thorn and it entered my foot”.

(L) “trn”.

thread – thin cord of twisted yarn

(D) “konets” as in “zakrpio so konets i vrzio se vrftsa” meaning “mend it with string and tie it with a string”.

(L) “konets”, “kitka”, “vrska”.

throat – windpipe, gullet (D) “grlo” as in “nemozha da gltam, grloto me boľi” meaning “I can’t swallow, my throat is sore”.

(L) “grlo”, “grklan”.

through – from end to end (D) “krs” as in “pomini krs neo ot kraj na kraj” meaning “pass through it from end to end”.

(L) “niz”.

throw – propel with some force (D) “frľi” as in “frľio nadvor” meaning “throw it out”.

(L) “frla”.

thunder – loud noise heard after lightning

(D) “grmi” as in “vrni i grmi” meaning “raining and thundering”.

(L) “grmi”.

tickle – produce laughter by exciting nerves

(D) “gjuchka” as in “taa go gjuchka bebeto i toa se smee” meaning “she is tickling the baby and it is laughing”.

(L) “skokotka”.

tie – attach or fasten with string or cord

(D) “vrzi” as in “vrzio magarto so fortoma” meaning “tie the donkey with rope”.

(L) “vrska”, “vrvtsa”.

tight – closely held or drawn (D) “stegnat” as in “drzhigo stegnato” meaning “hold him tightly”.

(L) “tsvrst”, “napnat”.

tile – thin slab

(D) “plocha” as in “dedo go posla dvoro so plochi” meaning “grandpa laid the yard with tiles”.

(L) “plocha”.

till – cultivate land (D) “rabota zemja” as in “ga rabota zemjata so lopata” meaning “he is tilling the soil with a shovel”.

(L) “obrabotuva zemja”.

timber – wood prepared for building

(D) “grendi” as in “ni trebe grendi za chatiata” meaning “we need timber for the roof”.

(L) “gradechno drvo”.

time – point of time, measure of time

(D) “vreme” as in “vreme e za vechera” meaning “it’s time for supper”.

(L) “vreme”.

tired – weary, exhausted (D) “postanat” as in “si postanat ne mozha da rabotam pojke” meaning “I am tired I can’t work any more”.

(L) “umoren”.

today – this day

(D) “denes” as in “denes ke bidi ubaf den” meaning “today will be a beautiful day”.

(L) “denes”.

toe – any of the five terminal members on foot

(D) “prst na noga” as in “prst na raka i prst na noga” meaning

“finger and toe”.

(L) “prst na noga”.

together – in company of (D) “zaedno” as in “zaedno ke ga oslobodime Makedonija” meaning “together we will free Macedonia”.

(L) “zaedno”.

toilet - lavatory

(D) “aľe” as in “vo starite dena aľina bea nadvor” meaning “in the old days the toilets were outside”.

(L) “toaleta”.

tolerate – allow occurrences without interference

(D) “trpi” as in “trpia boľeata brzo ke pomini” meaning

“tolerate the pain it will soon pass”.

(L) “trpi”.

tomato – red pulpy edible fruit (D) “domat” as in “baba beri domati ot gradinata” meaning “grandma is picking tomatoes from the garden”.

(L) “patlidzhan”, “domat”.

tomorrow – the day after today (D) “utre” as in “utre ke ojme po ribi” meaning “tomorrow we are going fishing”.

(L) “utre”.

tongue – fleshy muscular organ in mouth

(D) “jazik” as in “jaziko e za zborvanje i gltanje” meaning “the tongue is for speaking and swallowing”.

(L) “jazik”.

tonight – the present night (D) “vecher” as in “vecher ke ojme da vime kino” meaning “tonight we are going to see a movie”.

(L) “vecherva”.

tool – mechanical implement (D) “alat” as in “dedo i drzhi alatite vo keralo” meaning “grandpa keeps his tools in the cellar”.

(L) “alat”.

tooth – each of white hard bony structures in jaw

(D) “zmb” as in “puli baba, zmbo mi padna” meaning “look grandma, my tooth fell out”.

(L) “zab”.

top – highest point or part (D) “vr” as in “vrro e naj visoko mesto ot drvoto” meaning “the top is the highest place of the tree”.

(L) “vrv”.

torture – infliction of severe bodily pain

(D) “mchi” as in “ti se moľa ne me mchi pojke” meaning “please don’t torture me any more”.

(L) “maki”, “machi”.

total – the whole sum (D) “tselokupno” as in “kazhimi kolku e tselokupno” meaning “tell me how much is the total”.

(L) “zbir”, “tsel”, “vkupen”.

touch – put one’s hand on someone or something

(D) “giba” as in “ne go gibaj” meaning “don’t touch it”.

(L) “dopir”, “vrska”.

tough – hard to break or cut (D) “zhilaf” as in “mesoto e zhilao, ne se dzhvaka” meaning “the meat is tough, can’t be chewed”.

(L) “zhilav”, “traen”.

towards – in the direction of (D) “kamo” as in “baraj kamo mene” meaning “come towards me”.

(L) “kon”.

towel – absorbent cloth or paper

(D) “riza” as in “izbrishise so rizata” meaning “dry yourself with the towel”.

(L) “krpa”, “peshkir”.

tower – tall structure (D) “kuľe” as in “ima kuľe vo Ajľ” meaning “there is a tower in Ail”.

(L) “kula”, “kube”.

town – large concentration of dwellings

(D) “gratche” as in “gratche e mal grat” meaning “a town is a small city”.

(L) “grad”.

toy – thing to play with (D) “igrachka” as in “koj ti a dade taa ubaa igrachka?” meaning “who gave you that beautiful toy?”

(L) “igrachka”.

trade – skill

(D) “zanaat” as in “na sho zanaat rabotash?” meaning “at what skill are you employed?” (L) “zanaet”, “znanje”, “struka”.

transfer – hand over from one to another

(D) “premesti” as in “toj go premesti ot edno mesto na drugo” meaning “he transfered it from one place to another”.

(L) “prenos”, “premestuvanje”.

translate – give meaning in another language

(D) “prevedi” as in “ke mozhish da go prevedish ova pismo?” meaning “can you translate this letter?”.

(L) “preveduva”.

transport – take persons or goods from one place to another (D) “prenosi” as in “prenosio zhitoto ot Oshchima vo Lerin” meaning “transport the grain from Oshchima to Lerin”.

(L) “prevoz”, “prenesuva”.

trap – device for catching animals

(D) “stapitsa” as in “glufets se fati vo stapitsata” meaning “a mouse was caught in the trap”.

(L) “jamka”, “klopka”.

tree – perennial plant (D) “drvo” as in “drvoto e cheresha” meaning “the tree is a cherry tree”.

(L) “drvo”, “steblo”.

trick – things done to fool or outwit

(D) “itrina” as in “itrina za itari” meaning “trick for the clever”.

(L) “trik”, “itrina”.

trip – stumble or cause to stumble

(D) “sopni” as in “puľi da ne se sopnish” meaning “watch that you don’t trip”.

(L) “propust”.

true – accurately confirming (D) “vistintski” as in “odgovoro e vistintski” meaning “the answer is true”.

(L) “veren”, “predan”.

truth – what is true

(D) “vistina” as in “vistinata ke te oslobodi” meaning “the truth will set you free”.

(L) “vistina”.

try – make effort to success (D) “obid” as in “obidise da go krenish” meaning “try to lift it”.

(L) “proba”, “obid”.

tub – open flat bottomed vessel (D) “kopanka” as in “izmise vo kopankata” meaning “wash yourself in the tub”.

(L) “vedro”, “kobel”, “katsa”.

turn – move around to point of axis

(D) “vrti” as in “vrtise da ne go udrish stiso” meaning “turn so you will not hit the wall”.

(L) “vrti”.

turtle – reptile with horney shell (D) “zheľka” as in “zheľkata ima palto ot koska” meaning “the turtle has a coat of bone”.

(L) “zhelka”.

twig – small branch or shoot (D) “vetche” and “kľechka” as in “vetche e mala vetka” meaning “a twig is a small branch” and “kľechka e malo stapche” meaning “a twig is a small stick”.

(L) “stapche”, “granche”.

twin – pair born at the same time from same mother

(D) “bľiznak” as in “tie dvata se bľiznatsi” meaning “those two are twins”.

(L) “bliznak”, “dvojnik”.

twist – change the form by rotating one end but not the other (D) “vie” and “suchi” as in “drvoto se vie ot vetro” meaning “the tree is twisting from the wind” and “baba suchi vialkik” meaning “grandma is twisting a vialnik”.

(L) “zavoj”, “suche”.

U ugly – unpleasant or repulsive to see and hear

(D) “grt” as in “toj volo e mnogu grt” meaning “that ox is very ugly”.

(L) “grd”, “grozen”.

unbutton – open shirt, etc.

(D) “otkopsa” as in “otkapsaj si go paltoto” meaning “unbutton your coat”.

(L) “otkopsuva”.

uncle – brother or brother-in-law of one’s father or mother (D) “striko” (father’s brother), “vujko” (mother’s brother), “tetin” (aunt’s husband from both sides).

(L) “vujko”.

uncover – remove cover (D) “otkriva” as in “go otkriva kreveto” meaning “he is uncovering the bed”.

(L) “otkriva”.

under – in or at a lower position

(D) “pot” as in “nema dzver pot kreve” meaning “there is no monster under the bed”.

(L) “pod”, “podolu”.

undercover – spying by working among those observed

(D) “taen” as in “toj e taen korofilak” meaning “he is an undercover policeman”.

underground – beneath the earth or into hiding

(D) “potzema” as in “toj se skri potzema” meaning “he hid underground”.

(L) “podzemen”, “taen”.

understand – perceive meaning (D) “razberva” as in “taa razberva sho mu veľish” meaning “she understands what you are telling her”.

(L) “razbira”.

underwater – situated under water

(D) “potvoda” as in “toj se pľiva potvoda” meaning “he is swimming underwater”.

undress – take off one’s clothes (D) “se otsľeche” as in “toj se otsľeche pred da spie” meaning “he undressed before sleeping”.

(L) “se slekuva”.

unemployed – temporarily out of work

(D) “bes rabota” as in “taa e bes rabota” meaning “she is unemployed”.

(L) “bez raboten”.

uneven – not level or smooth (D) “neramen” as in “ptto e neramen” meaning “the road is uneven”.

(L) “neramen”.

unfold – open folds

(D) “rashiri” as in “rashirigo veľentseto” meaning “unfold the blanket”.

(L) “razviva”, “rashiruva”.

unfreeze – thaw

(D) “odmrzni” as in “odmrznigo mesoto pret da go varish” meaning “unfreeze the meat before you boil it”.

unlock – release lock (D) “otkľuchi” as in “otkľuchiga vratata” meaning “unlock the door”.

(L) “otkluchuva”.

until – when its

(D) “do koa” or “do koga” as in “do koa ke se vidime pa” meaning “until we see each other again”.

(L) “do”, “dodeka”, “dokade”.

up – towards a higher place (D) “gore” as in “gore i dolu” meaning “up and down”.

(L) “gore”, “visochina”.

uphold - support

(D) “potkrepfa” as in “go pokrepfa zakono” meaning “is upholding the law”.

(L) “potkrepuva”.

upper – situated above another part

(D) “gorna” as in “gorna i dolna maala” meaning “upper and lower neighbourhood”.

(L) “pogoren”, “povisok”.

upright – erect vertical (D) “prostum” as in “sedi prostum” meaning “stand upright”.

(L) “prav”.

uprising - insurrection (D) “bunt” as in “stava bunt” meaning “an uprising is taking place”.

(L) “vastanje”, “bunt”.

upset - disrupt

(D) “mu prechi neshcho” as in “toj ne e tokmu, mu prechi neshcho” meaning “he is not right, he is upset”.

(L) “se voznemiruva”.

upstairs – to or on upper floor (D) “gore po skaľi” as in “odi gore po skaľi” meaning “go upstairs”.

(L) “nagore”, “pos kali”.

V vacation - holiday

(D) “pochifka” as in “ke odi na pochifka” meaning “he is going on vacation”.

(L) “odmor”.

valuable – of great value (D) “skp” as in “toj e skp saat” meaning “that is a valuable watch”.

(L) “skapochen”.

value – worth

(D) “tsena” as in “ovoj saat e ot visoka tsena” meaning “this watch is of high value”.

(L) “tsena”.

vapour - moisture

(D) “para” as in “para staa ot varena voda” meaning “vapour rises from boiling water”.

(L) “para”, “magla”, “chad”.

veal – calf’s flesh as food (D) “teľeshko meso” as in “pechime teľeshko meso” meaning “we are roasting veal”.

(L) “teleshko meso”.

vein – any of the tubes in the body that carry blood to the heart (D) “zhila” as in “zhilite nose krf na srtseto” meaning “the vein carries blood to the heart”.

(L) “vena”, “zhila”.

verify – establish truth (D) “proveri” as in “proveri oti toa e vistina” meaning “verify that it is true”.

(L) “proveruva”.

very – in a higher degree (D) “mnogu” as in “mnogu visoko” meaning “very high”.

(L) “mozhne”, “sosema”,

“mnogu”.

view – inspection by eye or mind (D) “vid” as in “a sho ubaf vid” meaning “ah what a beautiful view”.

(L) “vid”, “izgled”.

village – group of houses (D) “selo” as in “Oshchima e moe selo” meaning “Oshchima is my village”.

(L) “selo”.

vine – climbing plant (D) “lozinka” as in “nie imame lozinka vo dvoro” meaning “we have a vine in the yard”.

(L) “loza”.

vinegar – sour liquid (D) “kiseľina” as in “jas pram kiseľina ot vino” meaning “I make vinegar from wine”.

(L) “kiselina”.

vineyard – plantation of grape- vines

(D) “lozje” as in “lozjeto e plno so grozje” meaning “the vineyard is full of grapes”.

(L) “lozje”.

visit – go or come to see person or place

(D) “poseta” as in “sakam da a poseta baba” meaning “I want to visit grandma”.

(L) “poseta”, “posetuva”.

voice – sound formed in larynx (D) “glas” as in “taa ima ubaf glas” meaning “she has a beautiful voice”.

(L) “glas”.

volunteer – person who takes up task of one’s free will (D) “dobrovoľets” as in “toj e dobrovoľets askerľia” meaning “he is a volumteer soldier”.

(L) “dobrovolets”.

vomit – eject matter from stomach through mouth (D) “bľua” as in “mu se meli umo i bľua” meaning “feels dizzy and vomits”.

(L) “blue”.

W wage – pay for work

(D) “platka” as in “kolku ti e platkata?” meaning “how much is your wage?”

(L) “plata”.

wagon – four wheeled vehicle (D) “kola” as in “koni ga trge kolata” meaning “horses are pulling the wagon”.

(L) “vagon”, “kola”.

waist – middle of human body (D) “polojna” as in “dedo nosi pojas okolu popojnata” meaning “grandpa is wearing a sash around his waist”.

(L) “pojas”.

wait – don’t leave

(D) “cheka” as in “chekaj, ne begaj” meaning “wait, don’t leave”.

(L) “cheka”.

wake – sleep no more

(D) “se razbudi” as in “razbudise” meaning “wake up”.

(L) “e buden”.

walk – move by the power of legs

(D) “bara” as in “bara po nodzi” meaning “walking on foot”.

(L) “odi”, “se sheta”, “odi peshki”.

wall – narrow upright structure (D) “stis” as in “dedo shishi stis” meaning “grandpa is building a wall”.

(L) “dzid”.

wallet – case for holding notes (D) “kese” as in “jas imam pari vo mojto kese” meaning “I have money in my wallet”.

(L) “kjese”.

walnut – kernel in a shell, of tree bearing kernels in shell (D) “kastitsa” and “orev” as in “orevo ima mnogu kastitsi ovaa godina” meaning “the walnut tree has plenty of walnuts this year”.

(L) “orev”, “oreovo drvo”.

want – have desire for (D) “saka” and “bara” as in “toj saka pojke pari, jas baram potroa” meaning “he wants more money, I want less”.

(L) “bara”, “saka”.

war – strife between nations (D) “boj” as in “boj se vrshi daľeko ot tua” meaning “a war is conducted far from here”.

(L) “borba”, “boj”, “vojna”.

warm – at moderate temperature (D) “topol” as in “nema po arno jadenje ot topol ľep so sirenje” meaning “there is no better eating than warm bread with cheese”.

(L) “topol”.

wart – small harsh roundish growth on skin

(D) “bradajtsa” as in “toa chupe ima bradajtsa na prsto” meaning “that girl has a wart on her finger”.

(L) “bradavitsa”.

was - be

(D) “be” as in “jas be doma, dja beshe ti?” meaning “I was home, where were you?”

(L) “be”, “bev”, “beshe”.

wash – clean with liquid (D) “se mie” and “peri” as in “peri pľachki i si o mie litseto” meaning “is washing clothes and washing her face”.

(L) “se mie”, “pere”.

wasp – stinging insect (D) “osa” as in “chuaj osata da ne te ksni” meaning “watch the wasp doesn’t bite you”.

(L) “osa”.

waste – use to no purpose (D) “ardzhi” as in “ne a ardzhi vodata” meaning “don’t waste the water”.

(L) “izardzhuva”.

watch - observe

(D) “puli” as in “sedi na strazha i puli, bidi dabar strazhach” meaning “stay on guard and watch, be a good guard”.

(L) “strazha”.

watch – portable time piece (D) “saat” as in “toj e dobar saat” meaning “that is a good watch”.

(L) “saat”.

water – liquid in rivers and lakes (D) “voda” as in “mi se pie voda” meaning “I need to drink water”.

(L) “voda”.

wave – water moving to and fro near shore

(D) “val” as in “toj e goľem val, ke a prevrni chunkata” meaning “that is a big wave, it will overturn the boat”.

(L) “bran”.

wax – material made by bees to hold honey

(D) “vosok” as in “sfeshchi se prae ot vosok” meaning “candles are made from wax”.

(L) “vosok”.

weak – deficient in strength (D) “slap” and “skapan” as in “ti si mnogu slap i toj e po skapan ot tebe” meaning “you are very weak and he is weaker than you”.

(L) “slab”, “mlitav”.

wear – clothing one puts on (D) “nosi” as in “taa nosi ľetni pľachki” meaning “she is wearing summer clothes”.

(L) “nosi”, “nosija”.

weather – state of atmosphere (D) “vreme” as in “vremeto e vrnlivo” meaning “the weather is rainy”.

(L) “vreme”.

weave – making fabric (D) “tkae” as in “baba tkae basmo” meaning “grandma is weaving a cloth”.

(L) “tkae”.

wedding – marriage ceremony (D) “brak” as in “vo nedeľa ke odam na brak” meaning “on Sunday I am going to a wedding”.

(L) “venchanje”, “svadba”.

weigh – find weight

(D) “trga” as in “go trga, kolku tezhi?” meaning “you weighed it, how heavy is it?”.

(L) “trga”, “meri”.

welcome – of greeting (D) “dobrodojde” as in “dobrodojde, dobrodojdote” meaning “welcome (one), welcome (many)”.

(L) “dobrodojde”.

well – in right and satisfactory way

(D) “aren” and “dobar” as in “aren si, dobar si spolaj mu na Gospo” meaning “I am well, I am well thank God”.

(L) “dobar”.

well – shaft sank into ground (D) “bunar” as in “izvaame voda ot bunaro” meaning “we get our water from the well”.

(L) “bunar”, “izvor”.

west – direction in which sun sets

(D) “zapat” as in “sntseto zaodva vo zapat” meaning “the sun sets in the west”.

(L) “zapad”.

wet – soaked in water (D) “voden” as in “nodzite mi se vodeni” meaning “my feet are wet”.

(L) “vlaga”, “vlazhen”.

what – asking for choice (D) “sho” as in “sho sakash?” meaning “what do you want?”

(L) “shto”.

wheat – cereal type

(D) “pchenitsa” as in “brashno se praj ot pchenitsa” meaning “flour is made from wheat”.

(L) “pchenitsa”.

wheel – disc

(D) “trkalo” as in “kolata ima chetiri trkala” meaning “the wagon has four wheels”.

(L) “trkalo”.

when – at what time

(D) “koga” or “koa” as in “koa ke dosh da me vish?” or “koga ke dojdish da me vidish?” meaning “when are you coming to see me?”

(L) “koga”.

where – to what place (D) “deka” or “dja” as in “dja si?” or “deka si?” meaning

“where are you?”

(L) “kade”.

which – asking from choice from set

(D) “koe”, “koj” and “koja” as in “koe dete, koj msh i koja zhena” meaning “which boy, which man and which woman”.

(L) “koj”, “koja”, “koe”.

whip – lash attached to stick (D) “kamshik” as in “ne me mavaj so kamshiko” meaning “don’t hit me with the whip”.

(L) “kamshik”.

whisper – use breath instead of vocal cords to speak

(D) “shepti” as in “baba mu shepti na dedo ama toj ne ga shchuka” meaning “grandma is whispering to grandpa but he can’t hear her”.

(L) “sheptuva”.

whistle – clear shrill sound or instrument making such sound (D) “sfiri” and “sfiralo” as in “dedo sfiri so sfiralo” meaning “grandpa is whistling with a whistle”.

(L) “sviri”.

white – colour reflecting all light (D) “bel” as in “imame eden bel i eden tsrn vol” meaning “we have one white and one black ox”.

(L) “bel”.

whitewash – solution of lime (D) “var” as in “vo Oshchima varosfame so var” meaning “in Oshchima we painted with whitewash”.

(L) “belilo”, “var”.

why – for what reason (D) “zoshcho” or “za oshcho” as in “kazhimi zoshcho si ľuten?” meaning “tell me why are you mad?”

(L) “zashto”.

wick – thread feeding flame with fuel

(D) “fitiľ” as in “lambata ima fitiľ” meaning “the lamp has a wick”.

(L) “fitilj”.

wide – having sides far apart (D) “shirok” as in “pato tuka e shirok” meaning “the road here is wide”.

(L) “shirok”.

widow – woman who has lost her husband

(D) “vdojtsa” as in “taa e vdojtsa na moj priateľ” meaning “she is my friend’s widow”.

(L) “vdovitsa”.

wife – married woman in relation to her husband

(D) “zhena” “majta zhena e dobra zhena” meaning “my wife is a good woman”.

(L) “zhena”, “sopruga”.

wild – in original natural state (D) “dif” as in “toj e dif zaek i taa e diva patka” meaning “that is a wild rabbit and that is a wild duck”.

(L) “div”.

willow – waterside tree (D) “vrba” as in “ima mnogu vrbi pokraj Oshchimtskata reka” meaning “there are many willows near the Oshchima river”.

(L) “vrba”.

wilt - wither

(D) “ovena” as in “tsfeketo mi ovena” meaning “my flower wilted”.

(L) “ovenuva”, “kopnee”.

win – be victorious or gain from chance

(D) “kjari” as in “jas kjari eden dolar” meaning “I won a dollar”.

(L) “dobiva”.

wind – air in nature

(D) “veter” as in “nadvor dua veter” meaning “the wind blows outside”.

(L) “vetar”.

window – opening in wall (D) “pendzher” as in “odaata ima dva pendzheri” meaning “the room has two windows”.

(L) “prozorets”.

wine – fermented grape juice (D) “vino” as in “dedo pie vino” meaning “grandpa drinks wine”.

(L) “vino”.

wing – one of the limbs by which flying is effected (D) “krilo” as in “vrapcheto ima dve kriľja” meaning “the bird has two wings”.

(L) “krilo”.

wink – close and open one eye

(D) “namigna” as in “taa mi namigna, ke da ima neshcho da mi kazhi” meaning “she winked at me, she must have something to tell me”.

(L) “namignuva”.

winner – one who wins (D) “kjarľia” as in “toj e kjarľia na skambiľ” meaning “he is lucky in cards”.

(L) “pobeditel”.

winter – coldest season (D) “zima” as in “ovaa e zima so snek” meaning “this is a winter with snow”.

(L) “zima”.

wire – metal drawn out into slender cord

(D) “teľ” as in “vrzio so teľ” meaning “tie it with wire”.

(L) “telj”.

wish – say one hopes for, to happen

(D) “zheľba” as in “zheľba mi e da uzdrajsh” meaning “my wish is for you to get well”.

(L) “zhelba”.

with – expressing means (D) “so” as in “ke odam so tebe” meaning “I am going with you”.

(L) “so”, “pokraj”, “kon”.

witness – having seen something or giving testimony

(D) “martir” as in “toj ke bidi martir vo sudo” meaning “he will be a witness in the court”.

(L) “svedok”.

wolf – wild animal related to dog (D) “vlk” as in “mene mi e stra ot vlko” meaning “I am afraid of the wolf”.

(L) “volk”.

woman – adult human female (D) “zhena” as in “zhenata nosi fustan” meaning “the woman is wearing a dress”.

(L) “zhena”.

wood – hard substance of tree (D) “drvo” as in “suvo drvo e dobro za gorenje vo ogno” meaning “dry wood is good for burning in the fire”.

(L) “drvo”.

wool – hair from fleece of sheep (D) “vlna” as in “naj ubaata vlna e vlna ot oftsi” meaning “the best wool is sheep’s wool”.

(L) “volna”.

word – meaningful element of speech

(D) “laf” as in “zborni samo eden laf” meaning “speak only one word”.

(L) “zbor”.

work – application of physical or mental effort to a purpose (D) “rabota” as in “jas trba da oda na rabota” meaning “I need to go to work”.

(L) “rabota”.

worker – person doing work (D) “rabotnik” as in “toj e dobar rabotnik” meaning “he is a good worker”.

(L) “rabotnik”.

world – the earth

(D) “sfet” as in “ovoj e nash sfet” meaning “this is our world”.

(L) “svet”, “zemia”.

worm – any of the invertebrate animals with long slender bodies and no limbs

(D) “tsrvets” as in “ribite jade tsrvie” meaning “the fish eat worms”.

(L) “tsrv”.

worry – give way to anxiety (D) “beri dert” and “se grizhi” as in “koj chekash da beri dert za tebe?” meaning “who do you expect to worry for you?” and “majkati se grizhi za tebe” meaning “your mother worries about you”.

(L) “grizha”.

worse – more bad

(D) “polosh” as in “toj e polosh ot nea” meaning “he is worse than her”.

(L) “polosh”.

worst - most bad

(D) “najlosh” as in “toj e najlosh ot site” meaning “he is the worst of all of them”.

(L) “najlosh”.

wound – injury done to living tissue

(D) “rana” as in “ot sho ti e taa rana?” meaning “what is your wound from?”

(L) “rana”.

wrestle – two opponents grapple with each other for sport (D) “se bori” as in “toj vezden se bori so drugite dechina” meaning “he always wrestles with the other boys”.

(L) “se bori”.

write – put letters and words to paper

(D) “pishi” as in “dedo ne e uchen, ne znae da pishi” meaning “grandpa is not educated, he doesn’t know how to write”.

(L) “pishuva”.

wrong – not true, mistaken (D) “krivo” as in “toa ne e pravo, toa e krivo” meaning “that is not right, that is wrong”.

(L) “nepravda”.

X xenophobia – dislike of foreigners

(D) “pizma za chuzhi” as in “nikoj Makedonets nema pizma za chuzhi” meaning “no Macedonian has xenophobia”.

(L) “omraza kon strantsi”.

Y yard – piece of enclosed ground (D) “dvor” as in “kucheto spie vo dvoro” meaning “the dog sleeps in the yard”.

(L) “dvor”.

yarn – spun thread

(D) “prendeno” as in “baba pleti chorapi so prendeno” meaning “grandma is knitting socks with yarn”.

(L) “predeno”.

year – time taken by one earth revolution

(D) “godina” as in “ovaa godina i vgodina” meaning “this year and next year”.

(L) “godina”.

yeast – fungus substance obtained from fermenting malt liquor

(D) “kfas” as in “ľebo se krea so kfas” meaning “the bread rises with yeast”.

(L) “kvasets”.

yell – sharp cry

(D) “vika” as in “ne vikaj tolku visoko” meaning “don’t yell so loud”.

(L) “vreska”.

yellow – colour of lemons (D) “zhlto” as in “zhltata boja e Makedostska boja” meaning “the yellow colour is a Macedonian colour”.

(L) “zholto”.

yes – affirmative answer to question

(D) “da” as in “da, toa e pravo” meaning “yes, that is correct”.

(L) “da”.

yesterday – the day before today (D) “fchera” as in “fchera bef na gosti vo brat mi” meaning “yesterday I was visiting my brother”.

(L) “vchera”.

yoghurt – sourish semi-solid food prepared from milk (D) “potkfas” as in “potkfas se praj so vareno mľeko” meaning “yoghurt is made with boiled milk”.

yoke – wooden cross-piece fastened over the necks of two oxen and attached to plough (D) “jarem” as in “pregnii volojte so jaremo” meaning “fit the oxen with the yoke”.

(L) “jarem”.

yolk – yellow internal part of egg

(D) “zhlchka” as in “zhlchkata e vo strede jajtse” meaning “the yolk is in the center of the egg”.

(L) “zholchka”.

you – of second person (D) “ti” as in “ti si samo eden choek” meaning “you are only one person”.

(L) “vie”, “ti”, vas”, “tebe”,

“vam”.

young – not far advanced in life (D) “mlat” as in “ti si ushche mlat” meaning “you are still young”.

(L) “mlad”.

your – belonging to you (D) “tfoj” as in “toj e tfoj dedo” meaning “he is your grandpa”.

(L) “vash”, “tvoj”.

Z zero – figure 0, not one (D) “nula” as in “numeroto nula” meaning “the number zero”.

(L) “nula”.

Bibliography Allen, R. E., ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1991.

Drysdale, Patrick, Canadian ed., Collins Pocket Reference English Dictionary Canadian Edition. Toronto: Collins, 1989.

Koviloska, Ivanka, ed., The Standard Dictionary, English-Macedonian, Macedonian-English. Skopje, 1993.

Rényi Picture Dictionary Macedonian and English. Toronto: Ėditions Rényi Inc., 1990.