Front Matter - Part 02

braid – woven band of thread or hair

(D) “pľetenka” as in “maloto chupe ima dlga pľetenka” meaning “the small girl has a long braid”.

(L) “pletenitsa”, “gajtan”.

brain – organ inside skull (D) “mozok” as in “mozoko e za umenje” meaning “the brain is for thinking”.

(L) “mozak”.

branch – limb extending from tree

(D) “vetka” as in “visoko drvo ima dlgi vetki” meaning “a tall tree has long branches”.

(L) “granka”.

brass – dark yellow alloy made of copper and zinc

(D) “tuch” as in “kľuch praen ot tuch” meaning “key made of brass”.

(L) “bakar”, “bronza”.

bread – food of baked dough made of flour.

(D) “ľep” as in “si gladen ti se moľa dajmi troa ľep” meaning “I am hungry please give me some bread”.

(L) “leb”.

break – separate into pieces by blow or strain

(D) “se skrshi” as in “ako padni shisheto ke se skrshi” meaning “if the bottle falls it will break”.

(L) “se skrshi”, “se rushi”.

breath – air drawn and expelled from the lungs

(D) “dishenje” as in “zhiveenje e dishenje” meaning “living is breathing”.

(L) “dishenje”.

bribe – inducement offered to produce illegal or dishonest action in favour of the giver (D) “otkupvanje” as in “otkupigo da te pushchi” meaning “bribe him to let you go”.

(L) “mito”, “podmituvanje”.

brick – small rectangular block of dried clay used for building (D) “pľitar” as in “kukjata e praena so pľitari praeni ot tsrvena kal” meaning “the house was built with bricks made from red clay”.

(L) “tsigla”.

bride – woman about to be married

(D) “neesta” as in “jobata zeto i neestata se ot Oshchima” meaning “both the bride and groom are from Oshchima”.

(L) “nevesta”.

bridge – structure carrying way over river, road, etc.

(D) “most” as in “Oshchimtskio most vrvi preku Zheľevtskata reka” meaning “the Oshchima bridge goes over the Zhelevo river”.

(L) “most”.

brine – water saturated with salt (D) “soľilo” as in “zeľkite se kladeni vo soľilo” meaning “the cabbages have been placed in brine”.

(L) “rasol”, “solena voda”,

“solzi”, “soli”.

bring – come with or convey (D) “donesi” as in “donesi mi troa voda” meaning “bring me some water”.

(L) “donesuva”, “doveduva”.

brittle – hard but fragile (D) “troshľiv” as in “ľebo e suv i troshľiv” meaning “the bread is dry and brittle”.

(L) “slab”, “troshliv”.

broil – grill on fire (D) “pechi” as in “meseto se pechi vo furnata” meaning “meat is broiled in the oven”.

(L) “przhi”.

broke – having no money (D) “propadna” as in “propadna, gi zagina tseľi pari” meaning “he is broke, he lost all his money”.

(L) “propadnat”, “bez pari”.

bronze - alloy made of copper and tin

(D) “tuch”, “bronzo” as in “chezmata e praena ot tuch” meaning “the water spout is made of bronze” and “zhabitsite se praeni ot bronzo” meaning “the hinges are made of bronze”.

(L) “bronza”.

broom – long handled brush (D) “metla” as in “baba go meti dvoro so goľema metla” meaning “baba (grandma) is sweeping the yard with a large broom”.

(L) “metlika”, “gluvarche”.

broth – thin clear meat or fish soup

(D) “chorba” as in “ubaa chorba praena so meso i luk” meaning “excellent broth made with meat and garlic”.

(L) “chorba od meso”, “buljon”.

brother – man or boy in relation to other sons and daughters of his parents

(D) “brat” as in “jas imam samo eden brat” meaning “I have only one brother”.

(L) “brat”.

brow – eyebrow

(D) “vezha” as in “taa ima dve ubai tsrni vezhi” meaning “she has two beautiful black brows”.

(L) “vegja”, “chelo”.

brown – having the colour produced by mixing red, yellow and black

(D) “kaferen” as in “ubaa zemja e kaferena” meaning “good soil is brown”.

(L) “kafenikav”, “temen”.

bruise – discolouring of flesh caused by injury

(D) “posina” as in “nogata dja se udri posina” meaning “the injured leg is bruised”.

(L) “modrina”, “razbiva”,

“razdrobuva”.

brush – implement with bristles, hairs, wires, etc, set in block of wood

(D) “chetka” as in “ischistio paltoto so chetkata” meaning “clean the coat with the brush”.

(L) “chetka”.

brushwood – cut or broken dry twigs

(D) “suarki” as in “stopľia furnata so suarki” meaning

“warm the oven with brushwood”.

(L) “grmushki”, “chestak”,

“rasje”.

bubble – globular film of liquid closing air

(D) “meurche” as in “meurchina se prae so voda i sapun” meaning “bubbles are made with water and soap”.

(L) “meur”, “se peni”.

bucket – round open container with handle

(D) “kobľitsa” as in “donesimi voda vo kobľitsata” meaning “bring me water in the bucket”.

(L) “vedro”, “lopatka”.

buckle – metal clasp with hinged pin for securing belt (D) koptsalo” as in “zakopsaj go kopsaloto na remeno” meaning “buckle your belt buckle”.

(L) “metalno kopche”,

“zakopchuva”.

bug – any of various flat bodied insects

(D) “muva”, “bumbar” as in “muvata ľita” meaning “the bug flies” and “bumbaro lazi” meaning “the bug crawls”.

(L) “taftabida”, “drvenitsa”.

builder – one who builds (D) “maistor” as in “maistoro stishi stis” meaning “the builder is building a wall”.

(L) “dzidar”, “gradach”.

bull – uncastrated male of ox family

(D) “bik” as in “biko e ľuten” meaning “the bull is mad”.

(L) “bik”.

bullet – small round missile fired from a gun

(D) “kurshum” as in “kurshumi ľite sekade” meaning “bullets are flying everywhere”.

(L) “kurshum”, “gjule”.

bun – small soft round sweet cake

(D) “kolache” as in “ti se moľa daimi edno kolache, mi se jadi” meaning “please give me a bun, I am hungry”.

(L) “kolach”, “topka”.

bunch – set of things growing or tied together

(D) “tufka” as in “dajmi edna tufka pras” meaning “give me a bunch of leeks”.

(L) “grozd”, “kitka”, “snop”.

bundle – collection of things bound together

(D) “snop”, “sfalnitsa” as in “eden snop ot pchenitsa” meaning “a bundle of wheat” and “edna sfalnitsa ot seno” meaning

“a bundle of hay”.

(L) “bofcha”, “jazol”, “kluchko”.

bunny – child’s name for rabbit (D) “zaeche” as in “mlat zaek se vika zaeche” meaning “a young rabbit is called a bunny”.

bur – prickly clinging seed-case (D) “ľepaets” as in “imash ľepaets na paltoto” meaning “you have a bur on your coat”.

(L) “botska”.

burn – set on or destroyed by fire

(D) “gori” as in “orno gori i ke te izgori ako go chepnish” meaning “fire burns and will burn you if you touch it”.

(L) “peche”, “pali”, “gori”.

burrow – hole or tunnel dug by fox, rabbit, etc.

(D) “dupka” as in “ľisitsata zivi vo dupka” meaning “the fox lives in a burrow”.

(L) “dupka”, “peshtera”, “kopa jama”.

bury – put in the earth, tomb or sea

(D) “zakopa” as in “treba da se zakopa umrenjo” meaning “the dead must be buried”.

(L) “pogrebuva”, “zakopuva”,

“potonuva”.

bush – shrub or clump of shrubs (D) “chekut” as in “chekuto e mnogu debel” meaning “the bush is very thick”.

(L) “grmushka”.

bushel – measure of capacity for grain, fruit, etc.

(D) “cosh” as in “cosh pln so jabolka” meaning “bushel full with apples”.

(L) “mera za kolichina”.

busy – fully occupied, full of activity

(D) “zafaten” as in “ovva vecher si zafaten so neshcho drugo” meaning “tonight I am busy with something else”.

(L) “zafaten”, “rabotliv”,

“vreden”.

butcher – one who sells meat (D) “kasap” as in “kasapo sechi i prodaa meso” meaning “the butcher cuts and sells meat”.

(L) “kasap”, “mesar”.

butt – push with head like ram (D) “butsa” as in “oveno butsa” meaning “the ram butts”.

(L) “udir so glava”.

butter – edible yellow fatty substance made of milk (D) “mas” as in “jas jada ľep so mas” meaning “I eat bread with butter”.

(L) “puter”.

butterfly – fly with large and colourful wings

(D) “peperuga” as in “ima mnogu peperugi okolu tsvekjata” meaning “there are a lot of butterflies around the flowers”.

(L) “peperuga”.

buttermilk – somewhat sour liquid made from milk (D) “bientsa” as in “napise studena bientsa da se oladish” meaning “drink cold buttermilk to cool off”.

button – small disk or knob sewn to garment for fastening

(D) “kumbiche” as in

“zakopsajsigo paltoto so kumbicheto” meaning “button your coat with the button”.

(L) “petlitsa”, “kopche”,

“pupka”.

buy – to purchase goods (D) “kupi” as in “kupi mi eden lokum” meaning “buy me a lokum (Turkish sweet)”.

(L) “kupuva”.

buzzard – a large predatory hawk

(D) “orel” as in “chuajse, orelo vrti na visokoto” meaning “watch out, the buzzard is circling up high”.

by – near, beside

(D) “pokraj” as in “zastani pokraj mene” meaning “stand by me”.

(L) “pokraj”, “niz”.

C cabbage – vegetable with large thick green leaves

(D) “zeľka” as in “ako klash zeľka vo solilo ke se stori rasol” meaning “if you put cabbage in brine it will turn to sauerkraut”.

(L) “zelka”.

cabin – small shelter or house (D) “kaľiva” as in “koa i pasa oftsite spia vo kaľivata” meaning “when I take the sheep to graze I sleep in the cabin”.

(L) “koliba” cage – structure of bars or wires for confining birds or animals (D) “zatfor” as in “noshiata oftsite se zatforeni” meaning “during the night the sheep are caged”.

(L) “kafez”.

caldron – large deep vessel for boiling

(D) “kotel” or “kazan” as in “vo kotelo se vari voda” or “vo kozano se vari voda” meaning “water is boiling in the caldron”.

(L) “kazan”, “kotel” calf – young cow

(D) “teľe” as in “teľeto si ga bara majkamu” meaning “the calf is looking for its mother”.

(L) “tele”.

calf – fleshy part of leg below knee

(D) “kaval” as in “kavalo mi e potechen” meaning “my calf is swollen”.

call – shout, cry, speak out loud (D) “vika” as in “vikaj go kucheto” meaning “call your dog”.

(L) “vika”, “povikuva”.

calm – still, tranquil, quiet (D) “krotko”and “mirno” as in “kono si trupa krotko” meaning “the horse is galloping calmly” and “deteto sedi mirno” meaning “the boy is being calm”.

(L) “miren”, “tivok”.

came – past of come

(D) “dojde” as in “dedo dojde ot chuzhina” meaning “grandpa came from abroad”.

camp – temporary accommodations for lodging (D) “lager” as in “askero e vo lagero nadvor ot seloto” meaning “the soldiers are in the camp outside of the village”.

(L) “logor”, “tabor”.

can – be able to

(D) “mozhi” as in “mozhi da si odi doma” meaning “he can go home”.

(L) “mozhe”, “umee”.

can – metal vessel in which liquid or food is sealed (D) “teneke” and “kutiche” as in “vo teneketo drzhime nafta” meaning “we keep naphtha in the can” and “vo kuticheto ima piachka” meaning “there is drink in the can”.

(L) “kutia” candle – cylinder or block of wax with wick for giving light when burning

(D) “sfeshcha” as in “zapali edna sfeshcha” meaning “light a candle”.

(L) “svekja”.

candy – crystallized sugar, sweet (D) “blago” and “bombon” as in “lafo ‘blago’ dojde ot lafo ‘blak’” meaning “the word for ‘candy’ comes from the word ‘sweet’” and “lafo ‘bombon’ dojde of Frantsuskio laf ‘bonbon’” meaning “the word ‘bombon’ comes from the French word ‘bonbon’”.

(L) “slatko”, “pasta”,

“karamela”.

cannon – large heavy gun (D) “top” as in “topo ke puka” meaning “the cannon will be firing”.

(L) “top”.

canoe – light narrow boat (D) “chunka” as in “vidu chunka vo Prespanchkoto ezero” meaning “I saw a canoe in Lake Prespa”.

(L) “lesen chun”.

can’t – can not

(D) “ne mozhi” as in “toj ne mozhi da kreni teshki raboti” meaning “he can’t lift heavy things”.

cantaloupe – small ribbed melon (D) “pepon” as in “toj e ftasan pepon” meaning “it is a ripe cantaloupe”.

canvas – strong coarse cloth (D) “platno” as in “platno za praenje pľachki” meaning “canvas for making clothes”.

(L) “platno”.

cap – brimless head covering (D) “kapa” and “shapka” meaning “a sho ubaa kapa imash” meaning “what a nice cap you have” and “shapka za na glaa” meaning “cap for the head”.

(L) “kapa”, “kachket”, “kapisla”.

captive – person or animal confined

(D) “faten” and “vo aps” as in “ofcharo e faten” meaning “the shepherd is a captive” and “oracho e vo aps” meaning “the farmer is a captive”.

(L) “plenik”, “rob”.

carboy – large globular glass bottle usually enclosed in frame (D) “bimblak” as in “bimblako e pln so vino” meaning “the carboy is full with wine”.

carcass – dead body of animal (D) “psojsana mrsha” as in “vo trapo ima psojsana mrsha ot magare” meaning “there is a donkey carcass in the brook”.

(L) “mrsha”, “trup”.

card – thick stiff paper (D) “karta” is in “zve karta ot moi soi sho zhivee vo Kanada” meaning “I received a card from my relatives living in Canada”.

(L) “bilet”, “kartichka”, “karta”.

care – worry, serious attention, caution

(D) “grizhi” as in “majkati se grizhi za tvojto zdravje” meaning “your mother cares about your health”.

(L) “grizha”, “vnimanje”,

“pretpazlivost”.

careful - cautious

(D) “grizhľif” as in “bidi grizhľif ne trchai vo temnitsa” meaning “be careful don’t run in the dark”.

(L) “grizhliv”, “vnimatelen”,

“pretpazliv”.

careless – lacking attention (D) “negrizhľif” as in “toj e negrizhľif, ne mu e gajle za nishcho” meaning “he is careless, he cares about nothing”.

(L) “nevnimatelen”,

“bezgrizhen”.

carp – freshwater fish (D) “krap” as in “vo maloto Prespantsko ezero ima golemy krapoj” meaning “there are large carp in little Lake Prespa”.

(L) “krap”.

carpet – thick rug for covering floors

(D) “kiľim” and “rogozna” as in “kiľimo e praen so prepni boj” meaning “the carpet is made with beautiful colours” and “rogoznata e preana ot zavitkana slama” meaning “the carpet is made from twisted straw”.

(L) “kijlim”.

cart – small strong vehicle, two or four wheeled for carrying loads

(D) “kola” as in “kolata e toarena so krtuľi” meaning “the cart is loaded with potatoes”.

(L) “kola”, “dvokolka”.

cartilage – tough flexible tissue attached to bones

(D) “ruskajtsa” as in “ruskajtsata e zhilaa i teshko se dzhvaka” meaning “the cartilage is tough and hard to chew”.

(L) “rskavitsa”.

cartridge – case containing charge or propelling explosive (D) “fishek” and “gijule” as in “fisheko fľegva vo pushka” meaning “the cartridge fits in a rifle” and “gijuleto fľefva vo top” meaning “the cartridge fits in a cannon”.

(L) “kurshum”.

cask - barrel

(D) “kache” and “boche” as in “klaj zeľki vo kacheto” meaning “put cabbages in the cask” and “bocheto e plno so vino” meaning “the cask is full of wine”.

(L) “malo bure”, “bochva”.

castle – large fortified building (D) “kuľe” as in “kuľeto na Samoil se naodva vo Aiľ” meaning “Samoil’s castle is at Aiľ”

(L) “zamok”, “kula”.

castrate – remove testicles (D) “skopva” as in “bishinata i skopve koa se mladi” meaning “the pigs are castrated when they are young”.

(L) “skopuva”.

cat – small carnivorous soft-furred domesticated animal (D) “matska” as in “matskata fatva gluftsi” meaning “the cat catches mice”.

(L) “machka”.

catch – capture in hand, in trap etc.

(D) “fati” as in “fatigo glufetso vo stapitsata” meaning “catch the mouse in a trap”.

(L) “zafat”, “fakjanje”.

cattle – cows, bulls, oxen (D) “goenda” as in “pushchii goendata da pase” meaning “let the cattle graze”.

(L) “goveda”.

cause – thing that produces an effect

(D) “kauza” as in

“Makedontskata kausa e vazhna” meaning “the Macedonian cause is important”.

(L) “kausa”.

ceiling – upper interior surface of room

(D) “tavan” as in “tavano e visok” meaning “the ceiling is high”.

(L) “tavan” celebrate – mark event or festival with festivities (D) “praznuva” as in “denes se paznuva bozhik” meaning “Christmas is celebrated today”.

(L) “slavi”, “praznuva”.

cellar – room below ground level or house

(D) “keral” as in “vo keralo se bochkite so vino” meaning “the wine casks are in the cellar”.

(L) “vizba”, “krchma”.

cement – powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form concrete or mortar

(D) “chimento” as in “naprajgo stiso so chimento” meaning “build the wall with cement”.

(L) “tsement”.

cemetery – burial ground (D) “grobishcha” as in “grobishchata se zat tsrkvata” meaning “the cemetery is behind the church”.

(L) “grobishta”.

center – middle point or part (D) “strede” as in “oroto e vo strede selo” meaning “the dance is at the Village center”.

(L) “tsentar”, “sredina”.

centipede – a small crawling creature with long body and many legs

(D) “stonogaľka” as in “stonogaľkata ima farmak” meaning “the centipede is poisonous”.

century – period of one hundred years

(D) “vek” as in “eden vek e sto godini” meaning “a century is a hundred years”.

(L) “stoletie”, “vek”.

ceramic – of pottery, porcelain, or other articles of baked clay (D) “geramidni” as in “chatjata e posteľena so geramidni plochi” meaning “the roof is laid with ceramic tiles”.

(L) “grncharski”.

chain – series of rings or links connected together

(D) “sindzhir” as in “kucheto e vrzano so sindzhir” meaning “the dog is tied with a chain”.

(L) “veriga”, “sindzhir”.

chair – movable backed seat for one

(D) “stol” as in “sedni na stolo” meaning “sit on the chair”.

(L) “katedra”, “stolitsa”.

change – making or becoming different

(D) “izmeni” as in “izmeni gi pľachkite” meaning “change your clothes”.

(L) “promena”, “izmena”,

“menuvanje”.

chapel – small building or room used for Christian worship (D) “tsrkve” as in “tsrkveto ima samo edna sfetitsa (ikona)” meaning “the chapel has only one icon”.

(L) “capela”, “trkvichka”.

char – make or become black by burning

(D) “glamna” as in “drvoto se story glamna ot gonenje” meaning “the wood turned to char from burning”.

(L) “jaglen”, “kjumur”.

character – collective qualities or peculiarities that distinguish an individual or group (D) “haraktir” as in “haraktiro ne mu se menva” meaning “his character can not change”.

(L) “karakter”, “osobina”,

“svojstvo”.

charcoal – black chunks remnants of burned wood (D) “kjumur” and “zhar” as in “kjumuro gori goreshcho” meaning “charcoal burns hot” and “drvoto se story zhar” meaning “the wood turned to charcoal”.

(L) “drven-kjumur”.

chat – talk in light and familiar way

(D) “muabet” as in “ajde da si poprajme troa muabet” meaning “let’s have a little chat”.

(L) “razgovor”, “brborenje”.

cheap – low in price

(D) “eftino” as in “mesoto e eftino denes” meaning “the meat is cheap today”.

(L) “eftin”, “beznachaen”.

cheat – deceive, act fraudulently (D) “izmami” as in “me izmami, ne mi ga kaza vistintskata tsena” meaning “you cheated me, you did not tell me the real price”.

(L) “izmama”, “izmamnik”.

cheek – side wall of mouth (D) “obraz” as in “toj te batsi na obrazo” meaning “he kissed you on the cheek”.

(L) “obraz”, “drskost”.

cheese – food made of curds (D) “sirenje” as in “sirenje se praj ot mleko” meaning “cheese is made from milk”.

(L) “sirenje”.

cheesecloth – thin loosely woven cloth

(D) “tsedilo” as in “tsediloto e praeno ot slaba krpa” meaning “the cheesecloth is made of thin cloth”.

cherry – small soft round stone- fruit

(D) “cheresha” as in

“chereshata ima mnogy chereshi” meaning “the cherry-tree is full of cherries”.

(L) “tsresha”.

chest – large strong box for storage or transport

(D) “senduk” as in “ima sekakvii pľachki vo senduko” meaning

“there are all sorts of clothes in the chest”.

(L) “kutija”, “sandak”.

chest – part of body enclosed by ribs, front surface of body (D) “grndi” as in “so grndite napre” meaning “with the chest forward”.

(L) “gradi” chestnut – a glossy hard brown edible fruit

(D) “kosten” as in “varen eli pechen kosten?” meaning “boiled or roasted chestnut?”

(L) “kosten”.

chew – work food between the teeth

(D) “dzhvaka” as in “dzhvakaj go jadenjeto” meaning “chew your food”.

(L) “dzhvaka”.

chick – young bird

(D) “pile” as in “pile e bebe kokoshka” meaning “a chick is a baby chicken”.

(L) “pile”, “pilentse”.

chicken – domestic fowl

(D) “kokoshka” as in

“kokoshkata snese jajtse” meaning “the chicken laid an egg”.

(L) “kokoshka”.

child – young human being (D) “chendo” as in “sho da ti kazha bre chendo?” meaning “what can I tell you my child?”

(L) “dete”.

chill – unpleasant cold sensation (D) “stut” as in “ke te fati stut” meaning “you will catch a chill”.

(L) “stud”.

chimney – structure by which smoke is carried off from fire (D) “odzhak” as in “odzhako kadi” meaning “the chimney is smoking”.

(L) “odzhak”.

chin – front of lower jaw (D) “brade” as in “rastish brada na bradeto?” meaning “are you growing a beard on your chin?”

(L) “brada”.

chisel – tool with sharp beveled end for shaping wood or stone (D) “gľeto” as in “gľetoto e za tsrpenje drvo” meaning “the chisel is for shaping wood”.

(L) “dleto”.

choke – cause to stop breathing by blocking windpipe

(D) “oplti” as in “ne gltaj brzo ke se opltish” meaning “don’t swallow so fast you will choke”.

(L) “se zadushuva”.

chop – cut with strokes of knife or axe

(D) “tsepi” as in “tsepi so natochena baltia” meaning “chop with a sharp axe”.

(L) “rastsep”, “rasekuvanje”.

Christian – believing in Christ and his teaching

(D) “Risianin” as in “jas si Risianin” meaning “I am Christian”.

(L) “Hristianin” Christmas – Christian festival celebrating the birth of Christ (D) “Bozhik” as in “Bozhik e roden den na Ristos” meaning “Christmas is Christ’s birthday”.

(L) “Bozhik”.

church – building for public Christian worship

(D) “tsrkva” as in “vo Nedeľa ke oda vo tsrkva” meaning “on Sunday I am going to church”.

(L) “tsrkva”.

circle – round plain figure (D) “trkalo” as in “napishi trkalo okolu tebe” meaning “draw a circle around you”.

(L) “krug”.

city – large town

(D) “grat” as in “Lerin e ubaf grat” meaning “Lerin is a beautiful city”.

(L) “grad”.

claw – pointed nail of animal or bird’s foot

(D) “noft” as in “sokolo ima goľemi nofti” meaning “the hawk has large claws”.

(L) “nokt”.

clay – stiff sticky earth (D) “kal” as in “kukjata e praena ot plitari ot kal” meaning “the house is made with bricks of clay”

(L) “glina”, “smalnitsa”.

clean – free from dirt or contaminating matter

(D) “chist” as in “kukjata e chista, nema ich pra” meaning “the house is clean, there is no dust”.

(L) “nevin”.

clear – not clowded, spotty or murky

(D) “chist” as in “vodata e chista, ne e mtna” meaning “the water is clear, it is not muddy”.

(L) “jasen”, “chist”.

clever – skillful, talented, quick to understand and learn (D) “umen” as in “toj e umen choek” meaning “he is a clever person”.

(L) “umen”, “vesht”, “duhoven”.

cliff – steep rock face (D) “breg” as in “brego e mnogu strmen” meaning “the cliff is very sharp”.

(L) “karpa”, “greben”.

climb – ascend, mount, go or come

(D) “vjaaj”, “vjanise” and “kachise” as in “vjaaj po skala” meaning “climb the stairs”, “vjanise na drvoto” meaning “climb the tree” and “kachise na kono” meaning “climb on the horse”.

(L) “se kachuva”.

cloak – outdoor overgarment (D) “guna” as in “guna praena ot kozina” meaning “cloak made with goat’s wool”.

(L) “maska”.

clock – instrument for measuring time

(D) “saat” as in “jas imam saat” meaning “I have a clock”.

(L) “chasovnik”, “saat”.

close – situated at short distance or interval

(D) “blizu” as in “sedni blizu pokraj mene” meaning “sit close beside me”.

(L) “blizok”.

cloth – woven or felted fabric (D) “krpa” as in “dajmi edna krpa da si izbrisham ratsite” meaning “give me a cloth to wipe my hands”.

(L) “material”, “shtof”,

“pokrivach”.

clothes – things worn to cover the body and limbs

(D) “pľachki” as in “jas kupi novi pľachki” meaning “I bought new clothes”.

(L) “obleka”, “kostum”.

cloud – visible water vapour floating up in the sky (D) “oblak” as in “oblako e visoko” meaning “the cloud is high”.

(L) “oblak”, “zampachenost”.

coal – carbonized plant matter (D) “zhar” as in “drvoto izgore i se stori zhar” meaning “the wood burned and turned to coal”.

(L) “kamen-kjumur”.

coat – outer sleeved garment (D) “palto” as in “da si clam palto, mi studi” meaning “I should put a coat on, I am cold”.

(L) “kaput”.

cobbler – one who mends shoes (D) “chelar” as in “chelaro ke mi napraj novi cheľi” meaning “the cobbler will make me new shoes”.

coffin – box in which corpse is buried

(D) “kiur” as in “mrtoetso go kladoa vo kiuro” meaning “they put the dead person in the coffin”.

(L) “mrtovechki sandak”.

coin – small stamped metallic disc used for money

(D) “para” as in “dajmi edna para za ksmet” meaning “give me a coin for good luck”.

(L) “metalna para”.

cold – at low temperature (D) “studen” as in “vecherata mi e studena” meaning “my supper is cold”.

(L) “stud”.

collapse – falling, tumbling down

(D) “padna” as in “toj padna ot goreshchina” meaning “he collapsed from heat”.

(L) “propagjanje”, “propast” collar - neckband

(D) “gjerdan” and “alka” as in “chupata nosi prepen gjerdan” meaning “the young lady is wearing a beautiful collar” and

“klaj mu zheľezna alka na tilo na kucheto da se chua ot vlko” meaning “put a metal collar on the dog’s neck to protect it from the wolf”.

(L) “jaka”, “gjerdan”, “alka”.

collect – bring or come together (D) “soberi” as in “soberi si troa pari da si kupish kapa” meaning “collect a bit of money to buy yourself a cap (hat)”.

(L) “sobira”.

colour – various wavelengths of light produced by a prism (D) “boja” as in “clai mu troa boja” meaning “put some colour into it”.

(L) “boja”.

comb – toothed strip of rigid material for tidying and arranging hair

(D) “cheshľe” as in “na ti edno cheshľe da si ishcheshľash kosata” meaning “here is a comb to comb your hair”.

(L) “cheshel”.

come – move towards person calling

(D) “baraj”as in “baraj tuka” meaning “come here”.

(L) “doagja”.

community – body of people living in one place

(D) “seľani” as in

“Oshchimchkite seľani zhive vo selo Oshchima” meaning “the Oshchimian community lives in the village Oshchima”.

(L) “zaednitsa”, “coodvetnost”.

compatriot – fellow countryman (D) “sonarodnik” as in “miľi sonarodnitsi, Makedontsi” meaning “dear compatriots, Macedonians”.

(L) “sonarodnik”.

comprehend - understand (D) “razbra” as in “razbra sho mi veľish” meaning “I comprehend what you are telling me”.

(L) “razbira”.

compress – squeeze together (D) “stegni” as in “stegni go grozieto da napraish vino” meaning “compress the grapes to make wine”.

(L) “zgusnuva”.

conceal – keep secret or hidden (D) “krie” as in “toj go krie zlatoto da ne mu go zeve” meaning “he has concealed the gold so they could not take it”.

(L) “krie”.

condensation – water on cold window

(D) “para” as in “studenio pendzher fatfa para” meaning “the cold window catches condensation”.

Confess – admit

(D) “priznaa” as in “toj si go priznaa loshoto” meaning “he confessed to wrongdoing”.

(L) “priznava”.

conflict – fight, struggle

(D) “borba” as in “borbata za sloboda se zafati” meaning “the conflict for freedom has begun”.

(L) “sudir”, “borba”.

congratulation – expressing pleasure at happiness or excellence

(D) “chestit” as in “chestito da ti e imeto” meaning

“congratulations on your namesake”.

(L) “chestenje”.

congregation – gathering of people

(D) “sobranje” as in “ima sobranje vo stretselo” meaning “there is a congregation in the village square”.

(L) “verski sobir”.

consecrate – make or declare sacred

(D) “krsti” as in “krstia tsrkvata” meaning “consecrate the church”.

(L) “posvetuva”.

continue – maintain, keep up (D) “predlzhi” as in “predlzhi so prikaznata” meaning “continue with the story”.

(L) “prodolzhuva”.

cook – prepare by heating (D) “gotvi” as in “gotvi jadenje” meaning “cook food”.

(L) “gotvi”.

cool – of or at fairly low temperature

(D) “studeno” as in “vremeto e studeno denes” meaning “the weather is cool today” (L) “stud”, “svezhina”.

coop – cage for keeping poultry (D) “kokosharnik” as in “kokoshkite gi drzhime vo kokosharnik” meaning “we keep the chichens in a coop”.

(L) “kafez”, “kokosharnik”,

“koshara”.

copper – reddish-brown metallic element

(D) “bakar” as in “veftite kotľina se praeni ot bakar” meaning “the old kettles are made of copper”.

(L) “bakar”.

cork – bottle-stopper (D) “klkalo” as in “zaklkaj shisheto so klkalo” meaning “plug the bottle with a cork”.

(L) “zatka”.

corn - maize

(D) “miser” as in “babo mesimi ľep so miserno brashno” meaning “babo (granny) make me bread with corn flour”.

(L) “pchenka”.

corner – place where converging sides or edges meet

(D) “kjosh” as in “pato e okolu kjosho” meaning “the road is around the corner”.

(L) “agol”.

cornflour – flour made from maize

(D) “miserno brashno” as in “ľep praen so miserno brashno” meaning “bread made with cornflour”.

correct – true, accurate, proper (D) “pravo” as in “toa e pravo” meaning “that is correct”.

(L) “tochen”, “poprava”,

“isprava”.

corrode – wear away by chemichal action

(D) “rzhosa” as in “zheľeznata plocha rzhosa” meaning “the iron plate is corroded”.

(L) “rgjosuva”.

corrupt – morally depraved (D) “rasipan” as in “toj e rasipan choek” meaning “he is a corrupt person”.

(L) “rasipan”, “gnil”,

“nechesen”.

cost – have a price

(D) “tsena” as in “sho mu e tsenata na edno kilo kastitsi?” meaning “what is the cost of a kilo of walnuts?”

(L) “tsena”, “troshok”,

“izdatok”.

cotton – soft white fibrous substance

(D) “pambuk” as in “pernitsata e plna so pambuk” meaning “the pillow is full of cotton”.

(L) “pamuk”.

cough – expel air or other matter from lungs with a sudden sharp sound

(D) “kashľa” as in “toj kashľa” meaning “he is coughing”.

(L) “kashlitsa”, “kashla”.

count – find numbers

(D) “broj” as in “broj do deset” meaning “count to ten”.

(L) “broj”, “broenje”.

counter – long flat-topped fitment

(D) “tezga” as in “klaj alatite nat tezgata” meaning “put the tools on the counter”.

(L) “tezga”, “tantuz”, “zheton”.

country – territory of a nation, state

(D) “drzhaa” as in “mojta drzhaa e Makedonija” meaning “my country is Macedonia”.

(L) “zemja”, “drzhava”.

cousin – son or daughter of one’s uncle or aunt

(D) “brachet” (male) and “brachenda” (female) as in “jas imam brachet i brachenda” meaning “I have a male and female cousin”.

(L) “bratuchet”, “bratucheda”.

cover – place something over (D) “pokrie” as in “da si se pokrie so veľentse” meaning “to cover himself with a blanket”.

(L) “pokrivach”, “pokrov”,

“pokriv”.

cow – fully grown female of any bovine animal

(D) “kraa” as in “kraata ni daa mľeko” meaning “the cow gives us milk”.

(L) “krava”.

coward – fearful person

(D) “strashlif” as in “toj e strashlif, mu e stra ot noshjata” meaning “he is a coward, he fears the night”.

(L) “strashlivko”.

cowherd – person who looks after cows at pasture (D) “voloar” and “goendar” as in “voloaro i beri voloite” meaning “the cowherd is rounding up the oxen” and “goendaro i pasi goendata” meaning “the cowherd is taking the bovine to pasture”.

(L) “kravar”, “govedar”.

crack – partially broken (D) “tresna” and “pukna” as in “tresna ot stut” meaning “it cracked from the cold” and “pukna ot stiskanje” meaning “it cracked from pressure”.

(L) “puknatina”.

cradle – small bed or cot for a baby

(D) “kroshna” as in “krľao bebeto vo kroshnata” meaning “rock the baby in the cradle”.

(L) “lulka”.

craftsman – skilled person (D) “maistor” as in “maistoro pokaza aren maistorlak” meaning “the craftsman showed his excellent craftmanship”.

(L) “veshtak”, “umetnik”.

cramp – sudden painful involuntary contraction of muscle

(D) “kľech” as in “nogata mi fati kľech” meaning “I have a cramp in my leg”.

(L) “grch”.

crash – fall or impact (D) “se udri” as in “padna ot kono i se udri na stiso” meaning “he fell off the horse and crashed into the wall”.

(L) “udar”.

crave - desire

(D) “ores” as in “trudnata zhena ga fati ores za piperki turshia” meaning “the pregnant woman craves pickled peppers”.

(L) “kopnee za neshto”, “moli”.

crawl – progress with body on or close to ground

(D) “lazi” as in “bebeto zafati da lazi” meaning “the baby has begun to crawl”.

(L) “lazi”, “polzi”.

crazy – insane, foolish (D) “ulaf” as in “toj e ulaf, neznae sho praj” meaning “he is crazy, doesn’t know what he is doing”.

(L) “lud”, “umoboden”,

“budala”.

create – bring into existence (D) “praj” as in “toj praj golemo chudo” as in “he is creating a miracle”.

(L) “sozdava”, “pravi”,

“proizveduva”.

creature – created being (D) “zhivotno” as in “mnogu zhivotni zhivee vo ormano” meaning “many creatures live in the forest”.

(L) “sustestvo”.

creek – short arm of a river (D) “trap” as in “trapo vrvi krs Oshchima” meaning “the creek passes through Oshchima”.

(L) “mal zaliv”, “potok”.

crib – child’s bed

(D) “kroshna” as in “bebeto spie vo kroshnata” meaning “the baby sleeps in the crib”.

(L) “lulka”.

cripple – person permanently lame

(D) “sakat” as in “choeko e sakat, nogata me e posechena” meaning “the person is crippled, his leg has been severed”.

(L) “topal”, “sakat chovek”.

crock – earthware pot (D) “grne” as in “gra se vari vo grneto” meaning “beans are boiling in the crock pot”.

crop – produce of cultivated plants

(D) “bereket” as in “vo esen se beri bereketo” meaning “crops are harvested in the fall”.

(L) “zhetva”.

cross – upright post with transverse post

(D) “krst” as in “vo Oshchimtskata tsrkva nat kambanata ima golem krst” meaning “in the Oshchima church above the church bell is a large cross”.

(L) “krst”.

crossroad – intersection of two roads

(D) “ruskrsnitsa” as in “vo Oshchima nema rasksnitsa, seloto e mnogu malo” meaning “there is no crossroad in Oshchima, the village is very small”.

(L) “raskrsnitsa”.

crow – large black bird (D) “garvan” as in “garvano grachi vo drvata” meaning “the crow is crowing in the woods”.

(L) “chavka”.

crowd – large number of people gathered together without orderly arrangement

(D) “surja” as in “edna surja ľuge se sobrani” meaning “a crowd of people has gathered”.

(L) “mnoshtvo”, “tolpa”,

“narod”.

cruel – indifferent to or gratified by another’s suffering (D) “dsverstvo” as in “toj pokaza goľemo dzvertsvo pokraj nashio narot” meaning “he showed great cruelty towards our people”.

(L) “svirep”, “nemilosrden”.

crumb – small fragment of bread (D) “trolinka” as in “nemam nito edna trolinka ľep da jada” meaning “I don’t have a single crumb of bread to eat”.

(L) “troshka”.

crust – hard outer part of bread

(D) “korichka” as in “ovoj peshnik ľep ima debela korichka” meaning “this loaf of bread has a thick crust”.

(L) “korka”, “korichka”.

cry – express pain, make loud or shrill sound

(D) “plachi” as in “bebeto plachi” meaning “the baby is crying”.

(L) “plach”, “povik”.

cuckoo – migratory bird with characteristic cry

(D) “kukajtsa” as in “kukajtsata kuka vo Avgust” meaning “the cuckoo is singing in August”.

(L) “kukavitsa”.

cucumber – long green fleshy fruit

(D) “krastajtsa” as in “krastajtsata e ubaa vo salata” meaning “the cucumber is good in salad”.

(L) “krastavitsa”.

cure – restore to health (D) “ľek” and “uzdraj” as in “ke se najdi ľek za tebe” meaning “a cure will be found for you” and “ke uzdrajsh po nekolku dena” meaning “you will be cured in a few days”.

(L) “lek”, “lechenje”,

“ozdrabuvanje”.

curly – having coiled lock of hair

(D) “krľudzhaf” as in “ti imask kurľudzhaa kosa” meaning “you have curly hair”.

(L) “kadrav”.

curse – utterance wishing person to suffer

(D) “kľetva” as in “te zaklna so losha kľetva” meaning “he cursed you with a bad curse”.

(L) “kletva”.

custom – usual way of behaving or acting

(D) “adet” as in “toj e nash adet” meaning “that is our custom”.

(L) “obichaj”.

cut – divide with knife (D) “posechi” as in “posechi so nozho” meaning “cut with the knife”.

(L) “presek”.

Cyrillic – alphabet used by Slovanic speaking people (D) “Kiriľitsa” as in “Makedontsite pishe po Kiriľitsa” meaning

“Macedonians write in Cyrillic”.

(L) “Kirilitsa”.

Czar – variation of tsar (D) “Tsar” as in “Aleksandar e Tsar Makedontski” meaning “Alexander is a Macedonian King”.

(L) “Tsar”.

D daddy – father, oldest or most important person

(D) “tate” as in “ajde tate kupimi shekerche” meaning “Oh daddy buy me a candy”.

(L) “tatko”, “tate”.

dairy – place for processing and distributing milk and its products (D) “bachilo” as in “vo bachiloto prae mas, sirenje i kasher” meaning “in the dairy they make butter, feta and hard cheese”.

(L) “mlekarna”.

damage – injury or impairing value or usefulness of something (D) “pakos” as in “burata napraj goľem pakos” meaning “the flood caused a great deal of damage”.

(L) “oshtetuvanje”, “povreda”,

“gubinok”.

damp – diffused moisture (D) “vlazhno” as in “vremeto e vlazhno denes” meaning “the weather is damp today”.

(L) “vlaga”, “magla”, “para”.

dance – move rhythmically (D) “igra oro” as in “mi se igra oro” meaning “I want to dance”.

(L) “igra”, “ples”, “tantsuva”.

danger – exposure to harm (D) “opas” as in “toj e opasen” meaning “he is dangerous”.

(L) “opasen”, “opasnost”.

dark – with little or no light (D) “temnitsa” as in “koa nema sfetlo e temnitsa” meaning “when there is no light it is dark”.

(L) “mrak”, “temnitsa”.

date – day of the month (D) “den” as in “sho den e denes” meaning “what is the date today?”

(L) “datum”.

daughter – female child in relation to her parents (D) “kjerka” as in “taa e kjerka na toj choek” meaning “she is the daughter of that person”.

(L) “kjerka”.

dawn – day break

(D) “zora” as in “zora se krshi rano rano” meaning “dawn breaks early in the morning”.

(L) “zora”.

day – time between sunrise and sunset

(D) “den” or “denja” as in “denja e ot koga ke izlezi do koga ke zajdi sntseto” meaning “day is from sunrise to sunset”.

(L) “den”.

days – as in of the week (D) “Pondelnik, Ftornik, Streda, Chetfortok, Petok, Sabota, “Nedeľa” meaning “Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday”.

dead – no longer alive (D) “umren” and “mrtoets” as in “choeko e umren” meaning “the person is dead” and “mrtoetso ke go zakope utre” meaning “they will bury the dead tomorrow”.

(L) “pokojnits”, “mrtvets”.

deaf – without hearing

(D) “gluf” as in “toj e gluf ot edno ushe” meaning “he is deaf from one ear”.

(L) “gluv”.

dear – beloved

(D) “miľen” as in “toj mi e moj miľen brat” meaning “he is my dear brother”.

(L) “dag”, “mil”, “skap”.

death – event which ends life (D) “umirachka” and “smrt” meaning “nema odbega ot umirachka” meaning “there is no escape from death” and “sloboda eľi smrt” meaning

“freedom or death”.

(L) “smrt”, “kraj”.

debt – money, etc that is owed (D) “borch” as in “imam golem borch” meaning “I have a big debt”.

(L) “dolg”, “obvrska”.

decay – rot, decompose (D) “skapa” as in “jabolkoto skapa” meaning “the apple has decayed”.

(L) “gnienje”.

deceive – make a peron believe what is false

(D) “izmami” as in “ti me izmami” meaning “you deceived me”.

(L) “izmamuva”.

December – twelfth month (D) “Dekemvri” (new) and “Snezhnik” (old). (See months)

(L) “Dekemvri”.

decent – respectable, good enough

(D) “aren” as in “toj e aren msh” meaning “he is a decent man”.

(L) “prostoen”, “skromen”,

“umeren”, “dobar”.

decide – come to a resolution (D) “reshi” as in “reshi, sho ke bidi?” meaning “decide, what will it be?”

(L) “reshava”.

deep – extending far down (D) “glmbok” as in “bunaro e glmbok” meaning “the well is deep”.

(L) “dlambina”.