Front Matter - Part 06

(D) “vera” as in “sho ti e verata?” meaning “what is your religion?”

(L) “vera”, “religia”.

remember – not forget (D) “pametfaj” as in “pametfaj sho ti reku” meaning “remember what I told you”.

(L) “pomin”, “potsetuva”,

“zapamenuva”.

remind – cause to remember (D) “spomeni” as in “spomenimi da ne zaboraa” meaning “remind me so I won’t forget”.

(L) “potsetuva”.

remove – take off or away (D) “izvadi” as in “izvadii cheľite” meaning “remove your shoes”.

(L) “premestuva”, “preseluva”.

repair – restore to good condition

(D) “potpraj” as in “potraj go pleto” meaning “repair the fence”

(L) “potpravka”, “odnova”.

repeat – say or do or provide over again

(D) “poftori” as in “poftori ushche ednash” meaning “repeat one more time”.

(L) “poftoruva”, “poveke pati”.

replace – put back in place (D) “izmeni” as in “izmenigi site so novi” meaning “replace all of them with new ones”.

(L) “zamenuva”.

reply – make answer

(D) “odgovori” as in “odgovori na sho te opitva” meaning “reply to what he is asking you”.

(L) “odgovora”.

rescue – save or set free (D) “spasi” as in “spasi go od vodata” meaning “rescue him from the water”.

(L) “spasuva”.

respect – heed or regard for (D) “odnos” as in “pokazhi troa odnos” meaning “show a little respect”.

(L) “vrska”, “pochituvanje”.

respond – make answer (D) “odgovori” as in “odgovori na sho te opitva” meaning “respond to what he is asking you”.

(L) “odgovora”.

responsible – accountable for action

(D) “odgovoren” as in “ti si odgovoren za rabotata” meaning “you are responsible for the job”.

(L) “odgovoren”.

rest – cease from exertion or action

(D) “pochini” as in “mnogu rabotash, pochini troa” meaning “you work too much, take a little rest”.

(L) “ostatok”, “odmor”.

return – come or go back (D) “se vrna” as in “se vrna od chuzhina” meaning “returned from abroad”.

(L) “se vrakja”.

reverse – travel backwards (D) “nazumgzum” as in “kolata odi nazumgzum” meaning “the wagon is going in reverse”.

(L) “prevrtuva”.

rib – each of the curved bones in chest connected to spine of body (D) “rebro” as in “rebro e koska okolu grndite” meaning “a rib is a bone around the chest”.

(L) “rebro”.

rice – seeds of grass grown in marshes

(D) “oris” as in “oris rasti vo mocharki” meaning “rice grows in marshes”.

(L) “oriz”.

rich – having much wealth (D) “bogat” as in “toj sho ima mnogu pari e bogat” meaning “he who has a lot of money is rich”.

(L) “bogat”.

rifle – gun with long rifled barrel (D) “pushka” as in “pľusni so pushkata” meaning “fire with the rifle”.

(L) “pushka”.

right – just, correct, true (D) “praf” as in “toj e praf, ti si krif” meaning “he is right, you are wrong”.

(L) “pravo”.

rigid – not flexible, cannot be bent

(D) “zdrven” as in “se zdrvi ko drvo” meaning “became rigid like wood”.

(L) “vkochanet”, “zdrven”.

ring – circlet worn on finger (D) “prsten” as in “nosi prsten na prsto” meaning “is wearing a ring on the finger”.

(L) “prsten”.

rinse – wash out with clean water

(D) “isplakni” as in “isplaknii pľachkite so studena voda” meaning “rinse the clothes with cold water”.

(L) “plaknenje”,

“isplaknuvanje”.

rip – tear out or cut (D) “isparaj” as in “isparaj edno komache” meaning “rip out a small piece”.

(L) “para”, “rasporuva”.

ripe – mature fruit or grain (D) “ftasan” as in “domato e ftasan” meaning “the tomato is ripe”.

(L) “zred”, “izrasten”, “razvien”.

rise – come or go up

(D) “stani” as in “stani da te vime” meaning “rise so we can see you”.

(L) “krevanje”.

road – way or route

(D) “pt” as in “toj e dlk pt” meaning “that is a long road”.

(L) “pat”.

rob – take unlawfully from (D) “kradi” as in “chuajse od neo, toj ke te kradi” meaning “watch out for him, he will rob you”.

(L) “pljachkosuva”.

rock – hard part of earth’s crust (D) “kamen” as in “golem kamen se vika stena” meaning “a large rock is called a boulder”.

(L) “karpa”.

roof – upper covering of building

(D) “chatia” as in “kukjata ima tsrvena chatia” meaning “the house has a red roof”.

(L) “pokriv”.

room – part of house enclosed by walls

(D) “odaa” as in “vo odaata ke spie gostite” meaning “in the room will sleep the guests”.

(L) “soba”, “stan”.

rooster – male chicken (D) “petel” as in “petelo kika na utro” meaning “the ruster crows in the morning”.

(L) “petel”.

root – part of plant under ground (D) “koren” as in “mľechkata ima dlk koren” meaning “the dandelion has a long root”.

(L) “koren”.

rope – stout cord made of hemp (D) “fortoma” as in “vrzio magareto so fortomata” meaning “tie the donkey with the rope”.

(L) “jazhe”.

rose – prickly shrub bearing fragrant flowers

(D) “trendafiľ” as in “trendafiľo merisa ubao” meaning “the rose has a nice aroma”.

(L) “ruzha”.

rot – natural decomposition (D) “skapano” as in “jabolkoto e skapano” meaning “the apple is rotten”.

(L) “gniezh”.

round – shaped like a circle or sphere

(D) “trkalesto” as in “trkaloto e trkalesto” meaning “the wheel is round”.

(L) “krug”.

row – line of things or persons (D) “ret” as in “naprajte ret” meaning “make a row”.

(L) “red”.

rub – move one’s hands or object over surface with firm pressure

(D) “tri” as in “tri damu izvash kalta” meaning “rub to remove the dirt”.

(L) “trienje”.

rubber – elastic substance (D) “lastik” as in “trkaloto e praeno ot lastik” meaning “the tire is made of rubber”.

(L) “guma”.

rug – floor mat

(D) “kiľim” as in “a sho ubaf kiľim imash” meaning “what a nice rug you have”.

(L) “kjlim”.

ruin – wrecked or destroyed state

(D) “rasipa” as in “ga rasipa igrachkata” meaning “you ruined the toy”.

(L) “propast”.

rule – standard, law

(D) “zakon” as in “ne gi krshi zakonite” meaning “do not break the rules”.

(L) “pravilo”.

run – go at faster pace than walk (D) “trchaj” as in “trchaj brzo” meaning “run fast”.

(L) “trchanje”.

rush – go or move with great speed

(D) “vjasa” as in “toj se vjasa da si odi doma” meaning “he is rushing to go home”.

(L) “naval”.

rust – corrosive substance formed of iron or steel due to oxidation

(D) “rzha” as in “zheľezoto ima rzha, e rzhosano” meaning “the iron has rust, is rusted”.

(L) “rgja”.

rye – a grain

(D) “irsh” as in “brashno ot irsh” meaning “rye flour”.

(L) “rzh”.

S sad - unhappy

(D) “nazhaľen” as in “e nazhaľen, kutaľeto mu zagina” meaning “he is sad, he lost his puppy”.

(L) “nazhalen”, “tazhen”.

saddle –seat fastened on horse (D) “samar” as in “klaj mu o samaro na magarto” meaning “put the saddle on the donkey”.

(L) “sedlo”.

sag – sink or subside (D) “visi” as in “kozhata pot tilo mu visi” meaning “the skin under his neck is sagging”.

(L) “se spushta”.

saint – canonized person in Christian Church

(D) “sfetets” as in “ima ikona ot sfetets vo tsrkva” meaning “there is an icon of a saint in the church”.

(L) “svetets”.

sale – exchange of commodity for money

(D) “prodazhba” as in “ima prodazhba vo pazaro” meaning “there is a sale in the market”.

(L) “prodazhba”.

saliva – liquid produced by glands in the mouth

(D) “pľunka” as in “toj pľuna pľunka” meaning “he spit saliva”.

(L) “liga”, “plukanitsa”.

salt – sodium chloride (D) “soľ” as in “klaj si soľ vo salatata” meaning “put salt in your salad”.

(L) “sol”.

same – the identical

(D) “ist” as in “ti si ist ko neo” meaning “you are the same as him”.

(L) “ist”, “neizmenet”.

sand – fine rock found on beaches

(D) “pesok” as in “ima pesok vo rekata” meaning “there is sand in the river”.

(L) “pesok”.

satisfy – fulfill expectations or desires

(D) “zadovolen” as in “si zadovolen so jadenjeto” meaning “I am satisfied with the meal”.

(L) “zadovoluva”.

sausage – minced meat seasoned and stuffed into thin membrane (D) “lukanik” as in “eden lukanik, mnogu lukantsi” meaning “one sausage, many sausages”.

(L) “kolbas”.

save – rescue or preserve from danger

(D) “spasi” as in “spasi me od vlko” meaning “save me from the wolf”.

(L) “spasuva”.

saw – tool with toothed metal blade

(D) “prion” as in “posechia shchitsata so priono” meaning “cut the board with the saw”.

(L) “poslovitsa”, “pila”.

say – speak words

(D) “rechi” and “veľi” as in “rechi sho imash da veľish” meaning “say what you have to say”.

(L) “rech”, “tvrdenje”.

scab – crust formed over sore (D) “korichka” as in “ranata ti fati korichka” meaning “your wound has developed a scab”.

(L) “krasta”.

scale – instrument used for weighing mass

(D) “kntar” as in “trgao so kntaro” meaning “weigh it with the scale”.

(L) “razmernik”.

scar – mark on skin left by damage

(D) “luzna” as in “imash luzna ot ranata” meaning “you have a scar from your wound”.

(L) “beleg”, “reska”, “luzna”.

scare – sudden outburst of fear

(D) “upla” as in “te fati upla” meaning “you became scared”.

(L) “strav”.

scent – characteristic odor (D) “merizmo” as in “merizmo ot tsfekja” meaning “scent of flowers”.

(L) “miris”, “parfem”.

school – institution for educating people

(D) “skoľje” as in “dechinata ode na skoľje” meaning “the boys are going to school”.

(L) “shkola”, “uchilishte”.

scissors – a two pivoting blade cutting instrument

(D) “nozhichki” as in “posechi ga krpata so nozhichkite” meaning “cut the cloth with the scissors”.

(L) “nozhitsi”.

scorch – burn or discolour surface with dry heat” (D) “izgori” as in “si gi izgori cheľite vo zharta” meaning “he scorched his shoes in the ambers”.

(L) “izgoruva”.

scrape – clean or smooth by scratching with hard edged instrument

(D) “struzhi” as in “ga struzhi kalta pot chelite” meaning “he is scraping the mud from under his shoes”.

(L) “struzhenje”.

scratch – score surface of with nails or sharp or pointed thing (D) “repaj” as in “ne se repaj ke izvash krf” meaning “don’t scratch you will bleed”.

(L) “grebanje”.

scream – emit piercing cry (D) “vreskaj” as in “ne vreskaj tolku” meaning “don’t scream so much”.

(L) “vreskanje”.

scrub – rub hard so as to clean (D) “tri” as in “tri jako do go ischistish” meaning “scrub hard to clean it”.

(L) “struzhe”.

sea – expanse of salt water (D) “morje” as in “ke se pľivame vo Soluntsko morje” meaning “we will be swimming in the Solun sea”.

(L) “more”, “okean”.

search – look for

(D) “bara” as in “toj bara da najdi neshcho” meaning “he is searching to find something”.

(L) “baranje”.

season – each of the divisions of the year

(D) “vreme” as in “ľeto vreme” meaning “summer season”.

(L) “godishno vreme”.

seat – thing used for sitting on (D) “stol” as in “dajmuo stolo na babata” meaning “give your seat to the grandmother”.

(L) “sedishte”, “stol”.

second – next after first

(D) “ftor” an in “prf, ftor, tret, chetfort, pett” meaning “first, second, third, fourth, fifth”.

(L) “vtor”.

secret – hidden from all (D) “taen” as in “toj e taen korofilak” meaning “he is a secret policeman”.

(L) “tajna”.

sediment – matter that settles at bottom of liquid

(D) “tinja” as in “vinoto ima tinja” meaning “the wine has sediment”.

(L) “talog”.

see – use of the eyes (D) “vidi” as in “vidi se sho praea?” meaning “see what they were doing?”

(L) “gleda”.

seed – unit of production of plant (D) “seme” as in “semeto se sadi na prolet” meaning “the seeds are sown in the spring”.

(L) “seme”, “zrno”.

select - choose

(D) “odberi” as in “odberisi sho sakash” meaning “select what you want for yourself”.

(L) “odbira”.

self – person’s or thing’s own individuality

(D) “sam” as in “go napraj sam” meaning “I did it myself”.

(L) “sam”.

sell – dispose of in exchange for money

(D) “prodaa” as in “prodaa kastitsi” meaning “is selling walnuts”.

(L) “prodava”.

send – be conveyed

(D) “pushchi” as in “pushchi go doma” meaning “send him home”.

(L) “prakja”, “prati”.

separate – physically disconnected

(D) “se odeľi” as in “toj se odeľi ot zhenata mu” meaning “he separated from his wife”.

(L) “se oddeluva”.

serve – do service for (D) “sluzhi” as in “mu sluzhi ko rob” meaning “he serves him like a slave”.

(L) “servira”, “koristi”, “sluzhi”.

settle – become established in abode or place

(D) “se naseľi” as in “seloto se naseľi so ľuge” meaning “the village is settled with people”.

(L) “se smestuva”.

sever – divide or break or make separate

(D) “skini” as in “skini eden komat” meaning “sever a piece”.

(L) “oddeluva”, “kine”, “seche”.

several – a few, more than two, not many

(D) “nekolku” as in “se napi nekolku cheshi vino” meaning “I drank several glasses of wine”.

(L) “nekolku”.

sew – mend

(D) “krpi” as in “baba mi gi krpi chorapite” meaning “grandma is sewing my socks”.

shack – hut or cabin

(D) “kaľiva” as in “kaľiva plna so seno” meaning “shack full of straw”.

(L) “koliba”.

shade – shelter from direct sun light

(D) “senka” as in “pochini pot senka” meaning “rest under shade”

(L) “senka”.

shadow - shade

(D) “senka” as in “senkata ti gredi po tebe” meaning “your shadow follows you”.

(L) “senka”.

shake – move violently (D) “tresi” as in “se tresi ko ľiľjak” meaning “is shaking like a bat”. (Macedonian expression).

(L) “trese”.

shallow – of little depth (D) “plitko” as in “ezeroro e plitko pokraj kameno” meaning “the lake is shallow near the rock”.

(L) “plitko”.

shame – feeling of humiliation (D) “stram” as in “mu e stram da opita” meaning “he is ashamed to ask”.

(L) “sram”.

shape – external form or appearance

(D) “kalap” as in “kalapo e trkalest” meaning “the shape is round”.

(L) “forma”, “kalap”.

share – portion given or received (D) “del” as in “ovoj e moj del” meaning “this is my share”.

(L) “del”, “udel”.

shave – cut hair from face (D) “brichi” as in “si a brichi bradata” meaning “he is shaving his beard”.

(L) “brichi”.

she - her

(D) “taa” as in “taa e zhena” meaning “she is a woman”.

(L) “taa”.

sheep – animal with thick wooly coat

(D) “oftsa” as in “edna oftsa mnogu oftsi” meaning “one sheep many sheep”.

(L) “ovtsa”.

shelf – horizontal board projecting from wall

(D) “politsa” as in “klaja knigata nat politsata” meaning “put the book on the shelf”.

(L) “politsa”, “greben”.

shell – outer casing of nut (D) “ľupka” as in “kastitsata ima jaka ľupka” meaning “the walnut has a hard shell”.

(L) “luspa”.

shepherd – person who tends sheep

(D) “ofchar” as in “ofcharo pasi oftsi” meaning “the shepherd grazes sheep”.

(L) “ovchar”.

shine – emit or reflect light (D) “sfeti” as in “sftloto sfeti” meaning “the light is shining”.

(L) “sjaja”, “sveti”.

ship – large seagoing vessel (D) “pampur” as in “pampuro nosi ľuge preku morje” meaning “the ship carries people overseas”.

(L) “brod”.

shirt – loose sleeved garment (D) “koshuľa” as in “koshuľa so gravata” meaning “shirt with tie”.

(L) “koshula”.

shiver - tremble

(D) “se tresi” as in “se tresi zash mu studi” meaning “he shivers because he is cold”.

(L) “se trese”.

shoe – outer foot covering (D) “chel” as in “eden chel, dva cheľi” meaning “one shoe, two shoes”.

(L) “chevel”.

shoot – cause weapon to discharge

(D) “pľusni” as in “pľusni so pushka” meaning “shoot with a rifle”.

(L) “puka”.

shop – place for retail sale of goods or services

(D) “dukjan” as in “kupi neshcho ot dukjano” meaning “buy something from the shop”.

(L) “dukjan”.

short – measuring little from end (D) “kus” as in “toj e kus ne stiga dur gore” meaning “he is short won’t reach all the way up”.

(L) “kus”.

shotgun – gun for firing small shot

(D) “chifte” as in “pľusni so chifteto” meaning “shoot with the shotgun”.

shoulder – part of body to which arm is attached

(D) “ramo” as in “ramoto me boľi” meaning “my shoulder hurts”.

(L) “ramo”.

shove – push vigorously (D) “turga” as in “toj turga mnogu” meaning “he shoves a lot”.

(L) “turka”.

shovel – tool to move or mix soil, etc.

(D) “lopata” as in “kopa dupka so lopatata” meaning “is digging a hole with the shovel”.

(L) “lopata”.

show – allow to be seen (D) “pokazhi” as in “pokazhi sho imash” meaning “show what you have”.

(L) “pokazhuvanje”.

shrink – become smaller (D) “namaľe” as in “ka mi se puľish ko da si namaľen” meaning “you look to me as if you have shrunk”.

(L) “se sobira”, “se smaluva”.

shrug – slightly raise shoulders (D) “gi krea ramenata” meaning “koa ne znae sho da rechi gi krea ramenata” meaning “when he doesn’t know what to say he shrugs his shoulders”.

(L) “gi kreva ramenitsite”.

shut – move door to closed position

(D) “zatfori” as in “zatfori vratata” meaning “shut the door”.

(L) “zatvora”.

shy – uneasy in company (D) “stramľif” as in “toj e stramľif” meaning “he is shy”.

(L) “plashliv”.

sick - ill

(D) “boľen” as in “e boľen go boľi srtseto” meaning “is sick his heart hurts”.

(L) “bolen”.

sickle – tool with curved blade (D) “srp” as in “pchenitsa se beri so srp” meaning “wheat is harvested with a sickle”.

(L) “srp”.

sickness – being ill

(D) “boľes” as in “ako ne jash ke fatish boľes” meaning “if you don’t eat you will get sick”.

(L) “bolest”.

side – any of the surfaces (D) “strna” as in “na koja strna ke ojme?” meaning “to which side are we going?”

(L) “strana”.

sieve – utensil with small holes through which fine particles can pass

(D) “sito” as in “brashno se vee so sito” meaning “flour is sifted with a sieve”.

(L) “sito”.

sight – faculty of seeing (D) “puľenje” as in “puľenjeto mi se podobri” meaning “my sight has improved”.

(L) “vid”, “pogled”.

sign – thing indicative of quantity or state

(D) “beľeg” as in “klaj mu beľeg da go poznaash” meaning “put a sign on it so you can recognize it”.

(L) “znak”, “beleg”, “symbol”.

signature – act of signing (D) “potpiska” as in “dali e ovaa tfojta potpiska?” meaning “is this your signature?”

(L) “potpis”.

silence – absence of sound (D) “mlchenje” as in “ima samo mlchenje” meaning “there is only silence”.

(L) “molchenje”, “tishina”.

silt – sediment deposited by water

(D) “tinja” as in “tinja se beri ot matna voda” meaning “silt collects from muddy water”.

(L) “tinja”.

silver – white lustrous precious metallic element

(D) “strebro” as in “pari praeni ot strebro” meaning “coins made of silver”.

(L) “srebro”.

similar – alike, of same kind (D) “ednakov” as in “mojo saat e ednakov ko tfojo” meaning “my watch is similar to yours”.

(L) “slichen”.

simmer – boiling gently (D) “vrie” as in “mandzhata vrie” meaning “the stew is simmering”.

(L) “vrie”.

simple – easily understood or done

(D) “kolajno” as in “e kolajno” meaning “it is simple”.

(L) “ednostaven”, “prost”.

since – at what point in (D) “ot” as in “ot kaa?” meaning

“since when?”

(L) “od”, “pred”.

sing – utter musical sounds with voice

(D) “pee” as in “pee pesna” meaning “singing a song”.

(L) “pee”.

singe – burn lightly

(D) “opaľi” as in “si gi opaľi vezhite” meaning “I singed my eyebrows”.

(L) “izgorena”.

single – one only

(D) “sam” as in “si sam, nemam zhena” meaning “I am single, I have no wife”.

(L) “sam”, “eden”,

“ednokraten”.

sink – fall or come slowly downwards

(D) “potoni” as in “ke potoni vo valtoto” meaning “he will sink in the swamp”.

(L) “tone”.

sister – female sibling (D) “sestra” as in “imam sestra i brat” meaning “I have a sister and a brother”.

(L) “sestra”.

sit – place in sitting position (D”sedni” as in “sedni dolu” meaning “sit down”.

(L) “sedi”.

size – relative bigness (D) “goľemina” as in “kazhi mi a goľeminata” meaning “show me the size”.

(L) “golemina”, “obem”.

skill – practical ability (D) “zanaat” as in “sho zanaati imash?” meaning “what skills do you have?”

(L) “veshtina”.

skin – covering of human or animal body

(D) “kozha” as in “bishinata ime debeli kozhi” meaning “pigs have thick skins”.

(L) “kozha”.

skip – move along by taking two steps with one foot

(D) “skokaj” as in “skokaj po brzo” meaning “skip faster”.

(L) “poskok”.

sky – upper region of the atmoshere

(D) “nebo” as in “neboto e sino” meaning “the sky is blue”.

(L) “nebo”.

slant - slope

(D) “vaľi” as in “stiso vaľi” meaning “the wall is on a slant”.

(L) “valuva”.

slap – strike with inside of open hand

(D) “shlapni” as in “ke te shlapna” meaning “I will slap you”.

(L) “slakanitsa”.

slaughter – killing of animals for food

(D) “zakoli” as in “vo Dekemvri ke go zakolime bisheto” meaning “in December we will slaughter the pig”.

(L) “kolenje”.

slave – person owned by another (D) “rob” as in “rob e toj sho rabota bes platka” meaning “a slave is he who works without pay”.

(L) “rob”.

sledge-hammer – large heavy hammer

(D) “varia” as in “varia e eden teshki chekan” meaning “a sledge-hammer is a heavy hammer”.

(L) “kovachki chekan”.

sleep – resting with eyes closed and consciousness suspended (D) “spie” as in “bebeto spie noshja i denja” meaning “the baby sleeps night and day”.

(L) “spienje”.

sleeve – part of garment that encloses arm

(D) “rakaf” as in “rakao mi e vaľkan” meaning “my sleeve is dirty”.

(L) “rakav”.

slice – thin shaped piece cut from something

(D) “felka” as in “posechi me edna felka ľep” meaning “cut me a piece of bread”.

(L) “tanko parche”.

slide – move or go smoothly (D) “ľizga” as in “taa se ľizga na mrazo” meaning “she is sliding on the ice”.

(L) “slizganje”.

slip – slide unintentionally (D) “sľizna” as in “taa se sľizna na mrazo” meaning “she slipped on the ice”.

(L) “sliznuvanje”.

slipper – light soft shoe for indoors

(D) “shlapka” as in “edna shlapka dve shlapki” meaning “one slipper two slippers”.

(L) “vlechka”.

slippery – lack of grip due to smoothness or wetness of surface (D) “se ľizga” an in “se ľizga koa e vodeno” meaning “slippery when it is wet”.

(L) “slizgav”.

sliver – thin piece of wood (D) “spitsa” and “delanchka” as in “mi vľeze spitsa vo prsto” meaning “I got a sliver in my finger” and “rastsepigo drvoto na delanchki” meaning “split the wood into slivers”

(L) “delachka”.

slope – inclined position (D) “strmno” as in “ne e ramno e strmno” meaning “it is not flat it is on a slope”.

(L) “strmnina”.

slow – taking a relatively long time

(D) “poľeka” as in “zheľkata mrda poľekachki” meaning “the turtle moves slowly”.

(L) “usporuva”, “sopira”.

slug – snail-like without shell (D) “ľigaets” as in “ľigaetso e plshok bes korupka” meaning “the slug is a snail without a shell”.

small – not large or big (D) “mal” as in “toj ne e goľem nito visok, toj e mal” meaning “he is not big or tall, he is small”.

(L) “mal”.

smart – clever, ingenious (D) “umen” as in “umni ľuge se uche od nemnite greshki” meaning “smart people learn from their own mistakes”.

(L) “umen”, “pameten”.

smash – break into pieces (D) “skrshi” as in “go skrshi shisheto na komati” meaning “he smashed the bottle into pieces”.

(L) “krshenje”.

smell – unpleasant odor (D) “smrdea” as in “sho e taa smrdea?” meaning “what is that smell?”

(L) “miris”, “smrdea”.

smile – act of smiling (D) “se smee” as in “se smee zash je radosen” meaning “he is smiling because he is happy”.

(L) “se smee”.

smoke – visible vapour from burning substance

(D) “kadesh” as in “dea ima kadesh ima ogan” meaning “where there is smoke there is fire”.

(L) “chad”.

smooth – free from roughness (D) “mazen” as in “stapo e mazen” meaning “the stick is smooth”.

(L) “mazni”.

snail – slow-moving mollusk with spiral shell

(D) “plshok” as in “plshoko se ľizga koa mrda” meaning “the snail slides when it moves”.

(L) “polshav”.

snake – long limbless reptile (D) “zmia” as in “zmiata ima farmak” meaning “the snake has poison”.

(L) “zmia”.

sneeze – sudden involuntary expulsion of air from nose and mouth

(D) “kiva” as in “kiva, ke o fati stut” meaning “he is sneezing, he will catch a cold”.

(L) “kiva”.

sniffle – sniff repeatedly (D) “smrka” as in “vezden smrka ne mozhi da zastani” meaning “continuously sniffles he can’t stop”.

(L) “shmrka”.

snout – projecting nose from animal

(D) “surla” as in “bishkoa surla” meaning “pig snout”.

(L) “mutska”, “rilo”.

snow – frozen vapour falling to earth as flakes

(D) “snek” as in “vo zimata padva snek” meaning “in the winter snow falls”.

(L) “sneg”.

so – in this or that way (D) “taka” as in “taka mi veľish” meaning “so you tell me”.

(L) “taka”, “na ovoj nachin”.

soak – saturate in liquid (D) “kisni” as in “ostaj go neka se kisni” meaning “let it soak”.

(L) “natopuva”.

soap – cleaning substance (D) “sapun” as in “isperi gi pľachkite so sapun” meaning “wash the clothes with soap”.

(L) “sapun”.

sock – short stocking (D) “chorap” as in “eden chorap, dva chorapi” meaning “one sock, two socks”.

(L) “chorap”.

soft – not hard

(D) “mek” as in “mek ľep” meaning “soft bread”.

(L) “mek”.

soggy – saturated with liquid (D) “voden” as in “ľebo e voden” meaning “the bread is soggy”.

(L) “natopenje”.

soil – upper layer of earth (D) “zemja” as in “tsrna zemja” meaning “dark soil”.

(L) “zemja”.

soldier – member of army (D) “askerľija” as in “askrľijata ima pushka” meaning “the soldier has a rifle”.

(L) “vojnik”.

some – an unspecified amount or number

(D) “nekolku” as in “nekolku dechina ojdoa kamo rekata” meaning “some boys went towards the river”.

(L) “nekolku”.

something – some unspecified or unknown thing

(D) “neshcho” as in “neshcho e po dobro ot nishcho” meaning “something is better than nothing”.

(L) “neshto”.

sometime – at some time (D) “nekogash” as in “nekogash oda vo odmor” meaning “sometimes I go on vacation”.

(L) “nekogash”.

somewhere – some place (D) “nekade” as in “nekade vo planinata ima zlato” meaning “somewhere in the mountain there is gold”.

(L) “nekade”.

son – male child in relation to parents

(D) “sin” as in “dali imash sin?” meaning “do you have a son?”

(L) “sin”.

song – vocal music

(D) “pesna” as in “peacho pee pesna” meaning “the singer is singing a song”.

(L) “pesna”.

soon – after no long interval of time

(D) “vo brzo vreme” as in “vo brzo vreme ke si oda doma” meaning “soon I will be going home”.

(L) “skoro”, “rano”, “brzo”.

sore – painful from injury or disease

(D) “rana” as in “se poseku i sega imam rana” meaning “I cut myself and now I have a sore”.

(L) “rana”.

sorrel – sour-leaved herb (D) “kiseľets” as in “klaj troa kiseľets vo salatata” meaning “put a little sorrel in the salad”.

(L) “kiselitsa”.

sorrow – mental distress (D) “zhaľ” as in “mi e zhaľ” as in “I feel sorrow”.

(L) “zhalost”.

sort – group of things with common attributes

(D) “naredi” as in “naredi gi na ret” meaning “sort them in order”.

(L) “odbira”.

soup – liquid food

(D) “chorba” as in “chorba ot kokoshka” meaning “chicken soup”.

(L) “supa”.

sour – having acid taste or smell (D) “kisel” as in “limono e kisel” meaning “the lemon is sour”.

(L) “kisel”, “skisnat”.

south – 90 degrees clockwise from east

(D) “jug” as in “sever, istok, zapat i jug” meaning “north, east, west and south”.

(L) “jug”.

sow – put seed in the earth (D) “sadi” as in “sadi seme” meaning “sowing seeds”.

(L) “see”.

spark – fiery particle thrown from burning substance (D) “iskra” as in “iskra se frľi ot ogno” meaning “a spark was thrown from the fire”.

(L) “iskra”.

speak – utter words in ordinary voice

(D) “zborva” as in “zborvaj, sho imash da veľish?” meaning “speak, what do you have to say?”

(L) “govori”.

speed – quick motion

(D) “brzina” as in “trcha vo goľema brzina” meaning “he is running at great speed”.

(L) “brzina”.

spend – pay out

(D) “istroshi” as in “kolku pari istroshi?” meaning “how much money did you spend?”

(L) “istroshuva”.

spider – eight-legged arthropod which spins web

(D) “paek” as in “paeko tkae paezhina” meaning “the spider is weaving a web”.

(L) “pajak”.

spill – allow liquid to fall or run (D) “isturi” as in “ga isturi tsela voda” meaning “he spilled all the water”.

(L) “se istura”.

spin – turn rapidly

(D) “se vrti” as in “vrtaleshkata se vrti” meaning “the propeller is spinning”.

(L) “vrtenje”, “suchenje”.

spine - backbone

(D) “shiper” as in “shipero gi drzhi rebrata na mesto” meaning “the spine holds the ribs in place”.

(L) “rbet”, “grb”.

spirit – person’s soul (D) “dusha” as in “mu e mila dushata” meaning “he loves his spirit”.

(L) “duh”, “dusha”.

spit – eject from the mouth (D) “pľunka” as in “pľuna pľunka” meaning “spitting spit”.

(L) “plunka”.

splash – to throw water (D) “pľiska” as in “pľiska voda” meaning “splashing water”.

(L) “prska”.

split – break lengthwise (D) “rastsepi” as in “rastsepi go drvoto na maľi komachina” meaning “split the wood into small pieces”.

(L) “rstsep”, “tsepenje”.

spoil – make useless

(D) “se rasipa” as in “mesoto se rasipa” meaning “the meat became spoiled”.

(L) “se rasipuva”.

spool – reel on which something is wound

(D) “makarche” as in “vo makarcheto ima konets” meaning “on the spool there is thread”.

(L) “kalem”.

spoon – oval utensil for eating liquids

(D) “lajtsa” as in “jas jada so lajtsa” meaning “I eat with a spoon”.

(L) “lazhitsa”.

spot - mark

(D) “damka” as in “imash damka na litseto” meaning “you have a spot on your face”.

(L) “damka”.

spray – water or other liquid flying in small drops (D) “prska” as in “prska voda” meaning “is spraying water”.

(L) “prska”.

spread – cause to cover large surface

(D) “shiri” as in “oblako se shiri” meaning “the cloud is spreading”.

(L) “se shiri”, “shirenje”.

spring – rise rapidly (D) “stana” as in “stana brzo” meaning “he sprang fast”.

(L) “skok”.

spring – season after winter (D) “proľet” as in “proľet, leto, esen i zima” meaning “spring, summer, fall and winter”.

(L) “prolet”.

spring – source of water (D) “izvor” as in “od izvoro izľegva chista voda” meaning “from the spring comes out clean water”.

(L) “izvor”.

spy – secretly collecting and reporting information (D) “shpion” and “kodosh” as in “toj e shpion gi kodoshi lugeto” meaning “he is a spy he spies on people”.

(L) “shpion”.

squeeze – exert pressure (D) “stiska” as in “mi a stiska rakata” meaning “is squeezing my hand”.

(L) “stiska”.

squirrel – bushy-tailed arboreal rodent

(D) “ververitsa” as in “ververitsata ima vlneshkaa pashka” meaning “the squirrel has a hairy tail”.

(L) “ververitsa”.

stab – pierce or wound with pointed tool or weapon (D) “dupna” as in “si go dupna prsto so igla” meaning “I stabbed my finger with a needle”.

(L) “ubod”.

stable – building in which large animals are kept

(D) “aur” as in “ima koni vo auro” meaning “there are horses in the stable”.

(L) “stala”.

stain – discoloured by liquid sinking in

(D) “damka” as in “imash damka na gravatata” meaning “you have a stain on your tie”.

(L) “fleka”, “damka”, “boja”.

stair - step

(D) “skala” as in “vjani po skala” meaning “climb the stairs”.

(L) “skala”.

stake – stick pointed for driving into ground

(D) “kol” as in “kol za drzhenje gra” meaning “pole for propping beans”.

(L) “kolets”.

stand – maintain upright position

(D) “sedi” as in “sedi tamo” meaning “stand there”.

(L) “stoj”.

star – celestial body appearing as a luminous point in the night sky

(D) “dzvezda” as in “ima ilijadi dzvezdi vo neboto” meaning “there are thousands of stars in the sky”.

(L) “dzvezda”.

start – begin, set in motion (D) “zafati” and “trgna” as in “zafati da bara” meaning “started to walk” and “trgna za vo grado” meaning “started for the city”.

(L) “trgnuva”.

starve – die of hunger (D) “umre ot glados” as in “ako ne jadish ke umrish ot glados” meaning “if you don’t eat you will starve”.

(L) “umiranje od glad”.

stay – continue to be in same place

(D) “sedi” as in “sedi tuka” meaning “stay here”.

(L) “stoj”.

steal – take another’s property illegally

(D) “kradi” as in “kradi sho mozhish” meaning “steal whatever you can”.

(L) “krade”.

steam – gas formed from boiling water

(D) “para” as in “voda se vari da praj para” meaning “water is boiled to create steam”.

(L) “para”.

steel – alloy of iron (D) “cheľik” as in “jak ko cheľik” meaning “strong like steel”.

(L) “chelik”.

steep – sloping sharply (D) “strmnina” as in “ot rido udolu e strmnina” meaning

“from the hilltop downwards it is steep”.

(L) “strmnina”.

step – unit of movement (D) “chekar” as in “dva chekari na metro” meaning “two steps to a meter”.

(L) “chekor”.

stepbrother – male child of different parent

(D) “parabrat” as in “ima eden brat i eden parabrat” meaning “he has a brother and a stepbrother”.

(L) “polubrat”.

stew – cook by long simmering in closed vessel with liquid (D) “mandzha” as in “mandzha so meso” meaning “stew with meat”.

(L) “meso vareno so para”.

stick – short slender piece of wood

(D) “stap” as in “ke te udra so stapo” meaning “I will hit you with the stick”.

(L) “stap”, “shipka”.

stinger – organ of bee or wasp (D) “strshen” as in “me ksna pchela i mi ostaj strshen” meaning “a bee bit me and left the stinger in me”.

(L) “zhilo”.

stir – move spoon round (D) “boraj” as in “boraj go grao” meaning “keep stirring the beans”.

(L) “meshaj”.

stone - rock

(D) “kamen” as in “vo rekata ima mnogu kamenje” meaning “in the river there are a lot of stones”.

(L) “kamen”.

stop – put an end to progress (D) “zastani” as in “zastani, ne praj pojke gjurultia” meaning “stop, don’t make any more trouble”.

(L) “zastoj”.

stork – white wading bird with long legs

(D) “shtrk” as in “shtrko fatfa zmii” meaning “the stork catches snakes”.

(L) “shtrk”.

storm – violent atmospheric disturbance

(D) “bura” as in “losha bura” meaning “bad storm”.

(L) “bura”, “ataka”.

story – narrative tale (D) “prikazna” as in “kazhimi edna prikazna” meaning “tell me a story”.

(L) “prikaska”, “raskaz”.

stove – closed apparatus for burning fuel

(D) “soba” as in “soba sho gori drva” meaning “stove that burns wood”.

(L) “pechka”.

straight – without curves

(D) “praf” as in “barash na praf pt” meaning “you are walking on a straight road”.

(L) “prav”, “ramen”, “mazen”.

strange – unusual, peculiar (D) “chuden” as in “toj e chuden choek” meaning “he is a strange person”.

(L) “tugj”, “chuden”.

strangle – squeeze neck (D) “oplti” as in “ke te oplti so ratsi” meaning “he will strangle you with his hands”.

(L) “zadavuva”.

straw – dry cut stalks of grain (D) “slama” as in “pernitsa plnata so slama” meaning “pillow stuffed with straw”.

(L) “slama”.

strawberry – pulpy red fruit (D) “planuchka” as in “divi planuchki raste vo planina” meaning “wild strawberries grow on the mountain”.

(L) “jagoda”.

stream – flowing body of water (D) “trap” as in “trap e maľetska reka” meaning “a stream is a small river”.

(L) “potok”, “reka”, “struja”.

stretch – pull to greater length (D) “tegni” as in “se tegni lastiko” meaning “stretching a rubber band”.

(L) “rastegnuva”.

string – twine or narrow cord (D) “konets” as in “zakrpimio paltoto so konets” meaning “sew my coat with string”.

(L) “jazhe”, “vrvtsa”.

strong – having power of resistance

(D) “silen” as in “toj e silen mozhi da kreni kon” meaning “he is strong he can lift a horse”.

(L) “jak”, “silen”, “mokjen”.

stubborn – inflexible, intractible (D) “inadzhja” as in “toj e inadzhja choek” meaning “he is a stubborn person”.

(L) “tvrdoglav”.

stupid – unintelligent, foolish (D) “budala” and “prost” as in “toj e budala za toa prosto neshcho sho napraj” meaning “he is stupid for that stupid thing he did”.

(L) “glup”.

subtract - deduct

(D) “izvaj” as in “izvaj dve ot tri ke imash edno” meaning “subtract two from three you will have one”.

(L) “odzemi”.

suck – draw liquid into mouth (D) “muska” as in “muska mľeko” meaning “sucking milk”.

(L) “tsitsa”, “upiva”.

sugar – sweet crystalline substance

(D) “sheker” as in “sheker e mnogu blak” meaning “sugar is very sweet”.

(L) “shekjer”.

suit – set of clothes for wearing together

(D) “kustum” as in “ke nosa kustum na brako” meaning “I am goint to wear a suit at the wedding”.

(L) “kostum”.

sulphur – pale yellow non metallic element

(D) “skľifur” as in “skľifuro smrdi koa gori” meaning “sulfur stinks when it burns”.

(L) “sulfur”.

summer – warmest season (D) “ľeto” as in “ľetoto ima pojke sntse” meaning “in the summer there is more sun”.

(L) “leto”.

sun – the star around which the earth travels

(D) “sntse” as in “sntseto sfeti” meaning “the sun is shining”.

(L) “sontse”.

support – keep from falling or sinking

(D) “potkrepi” as in “potkrepise da ne padnish” meaning “support yourself so that you will not fall”.

(L) “potkepa”, “pomosh”,

“izdrshka”.

surprise – unexpected thing (D) “se zachudi” as in “se zachudi od kolku kjari” meaning “he was surprised by how much he won”.

(L) “chudenje”.

surrender – relinquish possession

(D) “se predava” as in “toj se predava na askero” meaning “he is surrendering to the soldiers”.

(L) “se predava”.

surround – be all round (D) “ovrti” as in “askero gi overti” meaning “the soldiers surrounded them”.

(L) “opashuva”.

survive – continue to live (D) “prezhivi” as in “ga prezhivi burata” meaning “he survived the storm”.

(L) “prezhivuva”.

swallow – pass down the throat (D) “glta” as in “gltaj ga vodata poľeka” meaning “swallow the water slowly”.

(L) “golta”.

swallow – migratory bird (D) “lastojchka” as in “lastojchkite bege na esen” meaning “the swallows leave in the fall”.

(L) “lastovitsa”.

swear – take oath

(D) “kľetfa” as in “zve kľetfa da bidi dobar” meaning “he swore to be nice”.

(L) “kletva”.

sweat – moisture exuded through pores of skin

(D) “potni” as in “potni ot mka” meaning “is sweating from duress”.

(L) “poti”.

sweep – clean with broom (D) “meti” as in “baba go meti dvoro” meaning “grandma is sweeping the yard”.

(L) “mete”.

sweet – tasting like sugar or honey

(D) “blago” as in “shekercheto e blago” meaning “the candy is sweet”.

(L) “slatko”.

swim – propel body through water

(D) “pľiva” as in “letoto se pľivame vo rekata” meaning “in the summer we swim in the river”.

(L) “pliva”.

sword – weapon with long blade (D) “shtik” as in “ke te dupni so shtiko” meaning “he will poke you with the sword”.

(L) “sabja”.

T table – piece of furniture with flat top with four legs (D) “masa” as in “sedni pokraj masata” meaning “sit near the table”.

(L) “masa”.

tail – hindmost part of animal (D) “pashka” as in “matskata ima dlga pashka” meaning “the cat has a long tail”.

(L) “opashka”.

tailor– maker of clothes (D) “terzia” as in “terziata ke mi soshie nof kustum” meaning “the tailor will stitch me a new suit”.

(L) “krojach”, “shivach”.

take – get hold of

(D) “zevaj” as in “zevaj samo edno” meaning “take only one”.

(L) “zemaj”, “premaj”.

tale – narrative or story (D) “prikazna” as in “kazhimi edna prikazna” meaning “tell me a tale”.

(L) “raskaz”, “prikaska”.

talk - converse

(D) “zborva” as in “toj zborva mnogu” meaning “he talks too much”.

(L) “govori”.

tall – more than average height (D) “visok” as in “toj e visok a ti si po visok” meaning “he is tall but you are taller”.

(L) “visok”.

tame – domesticated, not wild or shy