“FEW BOHEMIANS ARE COMING OVER

“FEW BOHEMIANS ARE COMING OVER

FIND GOOD CHANCES IN NATIVE HEALTH SAYS REV. ZILKA.”

As I skimmed through the article my eye caught the following paragraph; “Rev. Zilka stated that the future immigrants to the United States will be coming from Russia and the Balkan states. They will be mostly Russians, Servians, Kroatians, Macedonians, Slovaks and Greeks.” (The Cedar Rapids Evening Gazette, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Thursday, January 26, 1911, page 12)

What a clever move on Tito’s part, placing the word “Macedonians” in the same line as “Greeks”. I began to think of Tito as less of an ogre and more of a grouch. Bravo Tito and the team. No sooner had the team returned, with a happier Tito I may add, than they were off again this time to Winnipeg, to Sunday, February 9, 1913. The next day I found a story in the Winnipeg Free press which in part read;

“Turkish Navy Seen in Severe Action”

Further down the article I found the following; “The government has decided to expel all Greek journalists and is also causing the arrests of all Greeks, Bulgarians and Macedonians, who will probably be sent out of the country.” (Winnipeg Free Press, Monday, February 10, 1913) This was the time of the 2nd Balkan War just before Macedonia was partitioned by Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria. Not much of a story but the important thing is Tito managed to stick the word “Macedonians” among the words “Greeks” and “Bulgarians” to distinguish them as different ethnicities. Again bravo to Tito and the team. “It’s time for a new mission,” I heard Tito say in the distance as the team was approaching the Delorean. “We are going to Chillicoth, Missouri, April 24, 1925,” I heard Tito say as the time machine swished its way to the next destination. Where is Chillicoth, I wondered, and why 1925? I got my answer the next day when I skimmed through the following article which in part read;

“EUROPE LEARNS NOTHING FROM THE WORLD WAR”

“To the Southeast, in the Balkans, the familiar signs of unrest are not lacking. Belgrade, has resorted to dictatorship. Jugoslavia and Bulgaria watch one other across their frontiers, wondering which will leave the first brick. The Macedonians continue their policy of provoking first the Serbs and then the Bulgarians in the hope that some day, while the two are quarreling, Macedonia will run off with the coveted bone of independence.” (The Daily Constitution, Chillicothe, Missouri, Wednesday, April 25th, 1925) I noticed the word “Yugoslavia” was intentionally misspelled as “Jugoslavia”. I assumed it must have been TrueMacedonian’s doing. Sure enough my assumption was correct as I overhead TrueMacedonian say “Jugoslavia” a few times when the team returned to the Delorean.

“I know it’s late but I want to do one more mission today,” I heard Tito exclaim. “We are going to Salt Lake City, Utah, to February 5th, 1903 and after that we are all going home.” That was good enough for me. I was able to locate their activity the next day when I read the following article;

“IN THE BALKANS

It looks stormy in the direction of the Balkan states. Both Turkey and Roumania are purchasing large quantities of arms and ammunition, and Turkish troops are being massed along the Macedonian frontier. Austria-Hungary is said to have arranged for the mobilization of an eastern army corps, and the explanation that this is done in the interest of army maneuvers is not believed to be correct. The Macedonians claim that they have influential friends in Europe, who would come out for their cause if they had gained a victory or two over the Turks, and hence their plans for an early rising. It is also claimed that Russia and Austria have agreed on a scheme for the amelioration of the condition of the oppressed people of Macedonia, Albania and Armenia. But as this plan involves practically autonomy, at least for the Macedonians and Albanians, it is believed that the Sultan will refuse to accede to any proposition of that kind. Those who have studied the situation believe that if the diplomats are unable to coerce Turkey and to prevent the contemplated rising in Macedonia, a great storm is likely to break out before long. The situation is interesting enough, for few doubt that such a storm must come before the millennial peace and calm can rest upon the surface of the earth.” (Deseret Evening News, Great Salt Lake City, Utah, February 6th, 1903, Last Edition) The team was back in no time, returned to the usual place and time and departed for a well deserved rest. I was alone again and happened to stumble onto a half empty bottle of rakia, as I was making my way out of the Delorean’s trunk. Should I take a gulp or not, I asked myself? Unaware of my actions my fingers automatically removed the cap from the bottle and I began to gulp the liquid down. I must have been very thirsty from the long trek cooped up in the trunk. It felt good to drink it down except for the burning sensation I felt afterwards, bringing me to the reality that I had just polished half a Mickey of rakia. Oh well, it’s time for mischief again. I got back into the Delorean and spun the time dial wildly. Let the time machine take me wherever it wants, I thought to myself. Swish I was there wherever “there” was. I was too “tipsy” to remember so I will not try. I do remember however that I met a nice fellow by the

name of Ioannis Kouvourlis and said a lot of things to him about how the modern Greeks were created. As a result of my doing, he wrote the following article which in part read;

“From precocious essayist to national historiographer

The context of the ‘1846 Lecture’ can help us to understand the problems regarding the writing of an all-encompassing Greek national history that Paparrigopoulos would not overcome until at least 1853, the year of the publication of his first, one volume ‘History of the Hellenic Nation’. For in his earlier works Paparrigopoulos had essentially distinguished between the history of the Byzantine state and the history of medieval Greece; he has then considered ancient Macedonians as a more or less distinct nation – because as he wrote in his ‘Textbook of General History’ in 1849, ‘the Macedonian nation accomplished in the general history [of civilization] a different mission from that of the Hellenic nation’ (Paparrigopoulos 1849-53, 1.193); and, inevitably, he had tended to focus on the history of the ancient and modern Greeks. So, a somewhat ‘teleological’, yet quite understandable, question here would be: what was still needed for the formation of a general explanatory scheme that holds together the edifice of Paparrigopoulos’s all-encompassing five-volume ‘History of the Hellenic Nation’? In my opinion the answer is: two main sources of inspiration, Droysen and Zambelios, as well as a more refined understanding and use of the theoretical principles of German historicism by Paparrigopoulos himself. Johann Gustav Droysen (1808 – 1884), to whom Paparrigopoulos (1849 – 53, 1.206) referred for the first time in his ‘Textbook’ of 1849 but without being able to take advantage of the contribution of the great German historicist, offered him weighty arguments regarding the Greek identity of the ancient Macedonians and the spread of Hellenic civilization eastwards. He also offered him one of the key concepts of the newly born national historical school: the concept of ‘Hellenism’. Although Droysen himself restricted its use to the Hellenistic world, he and his disciples, such as Otto Abel (1824 – 1854), understood ‘Hellenism’ in then sense of a ‘Hellenic genius’, which had a historical trajectory of its own. In fact, what Paparrigopoulos and other Greek national historians such as Zambelios had to do after having read Droysen is to generalize the use of the concept so as to apply to the whole of Greek history and, at another level, to identify it with the concept of a ‘Greek nation’. The final result of this double intellectual

process was the production of a series of terms and concepts well known to all contemporary Hellenists: ‘Ancient Hellenism’, ‘Macedonian Hellenism’, ‘Byzantine Hellenism’, ‘Modern Hellenism’ and so forth.” (“The Making of Modern Greece”, edited by Roderic Beaton and David Ricks, Center for Hellenic Studies, King’s College, London, pages 59 and 60) I don’t remember how I got back that night but early the next morning I was awakened by TrueMacedonian while I sat sleeping in front of the Delorean’s controls.

Essay 6 – Macedonia is for Republic

The next morning I was rudely awakened by a loud noise. Where am I, I wondered as I gazed directly into TrueMacedonian’s face, attempting to focus my eyes. “What are you doing here so early in the morning?” True Macedonian demanded as he stood before me pounding his hands on the Delorean’s hood. What if the car is still warm and he knows I have been using it for selfish reasons? I must tell him the truth, the whole truth or he will never trust me again. I felt a terrible pain in my head as I attempted to stand up. The pain caused me discomfort which must have reflected on my face because TrueMacedonian asked me if I was okay. “I have a bit of a hangover,” I said. “I must have been very thirsty when I stumbled across one of Tito’s half empty rakia bottles and drank it all down.” “That would explain your headache but hardly explain the hot engine under the Delorean’s hood,” exclaimed TrueMacedonian. “Well, I have been occasionally ‘borrowing’ the time machine and doing solo missions of my own,” I said. TrueMacedonian did not take the news kindly. “Do you know how dangerous that is?” he asked loudly, with a sober face. “You could change the future if you are not careful, which would have devastating results for all of us you know!” “But isn’t that what Tito and you guys are already doing?” I responded. “You got me there!” he said as he pondered for a bit. “Okay you can use the time machine but I want to come with you,” he said. “You know, to keep you company and more importantly, to keep you out of trouble,” exclaimed TrueMacedonian. “I would love nothing more than to have you by my side,” I responded as I felt my spirits lift. “It’s a deal then. After our last mission when Tito and the others leave this place you wait for me and I will return when the coast is clear,” explained TrueMacedonian. “Now get into the trunk quickly because the others are coming!” And with those words, ignoring the severe headache, I jumped into the Delorean’s trunk and made myself comfortable as TrueMacedonian waited for the others to arrive. Tito seemed to be in a good mood this morning as he greeted TrueMacedonian with the usual “dobro utro”. Without wasting any time he proceeded to set the time dials and pushed the time machine activation button. “We are going to Iowa, to August 23rd, 1945,” he

said and swish in seconds we were there. “Don’t forget to bring the box of chocolates and bouquet of flowers, I am going on a big date today,” Tito exclaimed as the team departed for its first mission of the day. Should I follow them, I wondered? No one will recognize me in 1945 if they saw me, except of course, TrueMacedonian. As I pondered my impulsive need to bolt out of the Delorean’s trunk, my rational side convinced me to reconsider. I didn’t want to further anger TrueMacedonian who so far has been more than kind to me and, as of this evening, will become my partner in ultimate mischief. The next day I searched the papers frantically until I found the following;

“Macedonia Asks for Autonomy

One of Greatest Trouble Spots

SALONIKA, Greece, - Local patriots are reviving the old cry for autonomy for Macedonia, an ill defined area in the heart of the troubled Balkans. Macedonia, which has not enjoyed a national sovereignty since the time of Alexander the Great, today is one of the greatest potential trouble spots in Europe. The country is divided into three parts. It comprises a large part of Northern Greece and Southern Yugoslavia and a small section of Bulgaria. Gathered here are representatives of all the races and most of the hatreds and tensions which have kept the Balkan Peninsula upset for 50 years. Greek-Yugoslav relations are strained along the common frontier which cuts through the wild mountains of Macedonia as a result of the depredation of political and bandit bands. Greeks say there is evidence of recruiting by irregular Macedonian forces. The autonomy campaign is in the open in Yugoslavia and Bulgaria and is underground in Greece. Yugoslav Macedonia, formerly known as South Serbia, has been given a type of autonomy under Marshal Tito’s framework of federated Yugoslavia. This is a step in the direction the autonomists want, and agitation for union of all parts under a single government follows almost automatically. Will be approved by Greece. In the early days of liberation, the Yugoslav Macedonians attempted to name a foreign minister of their own. There was quick reaction from Belgrade, and Skopje, their capital was given a new set

of government officials with strict instructions that foreign policy was the province of the central government. Greeks look on any effort towards an autonomous Macedonia as a threat to take from them the rich farmlands of the north upon which the whole national economy depends. Far from listening to the demands, Greece will probably seek at the peace conferences to extend her frontier northward. Bulgaria gave lip service to the autonomy principle during the war years when her troops occupied much of Greek and Yugoslav Macedonia. But the real intention of the occupation troops, it became evident, was to Bulgarize the whole area. Many autonomists then joined the partisan resistance forces.” (Council Bluffs Iowa, Nonpareil, Friday, August 24th, 1945, page 9) Bravo Tito, you even managed to get your name in the paper. It must have been some date you had! It was nice to see a happy Tito for a change as I heard his laughter from the distance while the team was returning from its first mission of the day. “We are going to Sofia, Bulgaria, to November 7th, 1940,” I overheard Tito say as the time machine swished its way to the next destination. I had a hell of a time the next day locating the story, that is, until I ran into the following article in the Globe and Mail; “Defenders Hold Balance, Metaxas Tells People Sofia, Bulgaria, Nov 8 (BUP). – Primier Metaxas of Greece broadcast over the radio in Athens tonight that after ten days of Italo-Greek warfare the balance was in Greece’s favour. The Greek radio said that British aid is flowing to Greece ‘regularly and according to plan.’ Metaxas, addressing his remarks to the town of Volos after it had been bombed from the air, asserted that ‘Italian methods will stir our people to fight even with greater recklessness and courage until the last battle is won.’ He declared Italy had resorted to ‘mean, base methods’ by attacking civilian populations of open towns. Metaxas said proof that the balance lay with Greece could be seen in the number of prisoners taken and the penetration of Albania. The Athens radio ‘regretted’ that the Italians found Greek roads very bad and the weather inferior, asserting, however, that the Greeks have found them both good enough to advance as far as the heights above Koritza. The broadcast denied vigorously Italian allegations that Macedonians had revolted against Greek rule, and rumors that prince

Paul had been mistreated for supposed pro-German sympathies and had fled to Canada.” (Globe and Mail, November 8th, 1940) That clever Tito, he even had Metaxas, the biggest Macedonian hater, say the “M” word on the radio! How much more clever can you get than that? The team was back and as quickly as it returned it was off again, this time to Callbran, Messa County, to Thursday, September 4th, 1924. It took me forever to find the article the next day but here it is in full. It is pro-Bulgarian, if I may add, but nonetheless, covers the main points of the Macedonian message to the world;

“Macedonia is for Republic

Story of Conditions There Told by Emissary From the People.

New York. – A story of conditions in Macedonia, which he ascribes to Serb and Greek domination, has been brought to this country by J. Chkatroff, representative of the Union of the Macedonian Organizations of Bulgaria for the United States and Canada, who arrived here from Sofia recently. The Macedonians, he said, want complete independence and hope that ultimately there will be a Balkan republic, with all Balkan countries federated states. Mr. Chkatroff said he represented approximately 450,000 Macedonians in Bulgaria, who are members of 94 fraternal organizations, 34 societies of youths, a score of benevolent associations and others. He expects to bring his message of Macedonian hopes to the 60,000 natives of that country in the United States. ‘In order to understand the causes of the unruly situation in the Balkans and especially in Macedonia, the country which has always been the apple of discord among the Balkan neighbors, one must not forget her struggle for liberty and political independence during the period of the Turkish domination, and the present-day policy of her new conquerors, Serbs and Greeks,’ he said. Many years ago the Macedonian people began a bloody revolutionary war, which has lasted already more than a quarter of a century, and this caused on several occasions the European chancelleries to move, and finally in 1912 the Balkan alliance was formed against the Turkish empire. Unfortunately, the first Balkan war, and the following fratricide among the Balkan allies culminating in the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913, instead of creating an independent Macedonia in accordance with the wishes of her people, and thus to establish a permanent peace in the Balkans, divided the country

between the three belligerents, Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria. This actually made the Macedonian crisis worse.

Errors Are Kept Up.

The last European war which radically changed the map of Europe and which gave us the great principles of self-determination of Woodrow Wilson, did not bring to the Macedonian question its deserved political solution. Macedonia, at that time, was waiting day and night to see those principles applied to her people, so that the latter may be able to freely determine their wishes as to the future of their country. But the Treaty of Peace of Neuilly (1919) seconded the grave errors committed by the Treaty of Bucharest. “It is true that the great victorious powers imposed upon the governments of Serbia and Greece a treaty for the protection of minorities, which was supposed to guarantee the minimum of political, civil and national rights of the Macedonians. This treaty has now become as valueless as a scrap of paper. The Serbian and Greek governments instead of creating a normal regime in Macedonia as soon as they reoccupied the country after the great war closed by force more than 1,400 Bulgaro-Macedonian schools with 80,000 pupils and more than 4,000 teachers, which were devotedly supported and financed by the local population; seized the Macedonian churches. Libraries and cultural institutions; burned all Bulgarian books and killed or banished from the country all of the Macedonian intelligentsia. Nor was the fate of our other compatriots, Turks and Rumanians, in Macedonia a better one. The heavy fetters of the Serbian and Greek tyranny are to be found today on the doors of the closed Rumanian and Turkish schools and public libraries in Macedonia. In addition to this policy of the Serbian and Greek governments, which is directed against the moral and intellectual institutions of the Macedonian people, following the practice of former Turkish governments, they began to use new means and methods in order to artificially change the ethnographic character of the country; they resorted to a policy of colonization. Today Serbian and Greek authorities deport the native Macedonian population, plunder their property and distribute same among colonists brought from Banat and Asia Minor. To have an idea of the terrible picture one must visit the thousands of recently arrived refugees, flying from Macedonia into Bulgaria, a country economically poor, and see their tortured bodies burned with hot irons or boiling oil. There are two further reasons which aggravate the situation in Macedonia. First, there is a Serbian and Greek administration, whose

officers are alien to the people; notorious corruption and sheer force are the only rules in the country, and it seems that the whip is their constitution. One could find out proofs of this by reading Serbian and Greek newspapers. Secondly, the newly created political frontiers tore away the economic bonds between Macedonian cities and districts. Serbian Macedonia has no sea outlet and is gradually dying. Greek Macedonia has no “hinterland,” while the remaining part of Macedonia – under Bulgarian authority – has neither sea nor any convenient land communications with the interior of that country, and for this reason, is in a worse condition. The principle economical and political center in Macedonia is Saloniki, which has all the advantages of prosperity, yet at present the city gradually, but certainly, is dying. Her people do not see any more the steaming boats, the commerce is dead and the merchants are leaving the town. Pathras and Pereas are rising on her ruins. Bitola, Prilep, Ochrid and many other towns are sharing the same fate. Under such heavy conditions could the Macedonian people remain quiet? With their country torn into pieces could they forget the thousands of lives sacrificed for the liberty and independence of Macedonia, ever since the days of the Turkish regime? Who could deny the right of the Macedonian to struggle for existence? Who could forbid the Macedonians the fruit of their labors so that the latter may not be plundered by Serbian and Greek authorities and the Macedonian girls and brides may not be insulted by the same? And the Macedonian did exactly as an American, Frenchman or an Englishman would have done. The whole people were frightened by the terror of the new tyranny and rose up to protest. Banished from their own country, the Macedonians found refuge in Bulgaria, America, Turkey and Rumania, where they formed strong organizations whose aim is by legal means to obtain liberty for their country. The Macedonian emigrants in all lands, who number more than half a million souls, proclaimed their faith in the traditions of past generations and now appeal continuously to the human conscience of the civilized people in the world for the creation of Macedonia into a free country.

Old Revolutionary System.

Meanwhile in Macedonia proper, after denying the people all rights of carrying a legal political struggle or forming a national political group in the parliament of Belgrade and Athens, they resorted to the only possible action by creating anew the old secret revolutionary organization with its own postal service, courts, militia and efficiently

armed military forces, with its own educational and economic policy – in other words, representing a true state organization, mysterious, yet powerful and democratic in spirit, whose ideals are the creation of an independent Macedonia with equal rights for all of her different nationalities, with Saloniki as her capital. The Macedonians are neither brigands nor breakers of the laws governing public order and safety, when they are ready to sacrifice their lives for the triumph of their ideals, when they gladly go to die in order to defend their wives and children, when they calmly meet death in order to save Macedonia. And in their struggle for right and freedom the Macedonians hope that they may receive the support of all civilized nations and all liberty-loving people.” (The Plateau Voice, Callbran, Messa County, Friday, September 5th, 1924, page 3) No sooner was the team back than they left for the day without saying a word. I waited until it was quiet and then came out of the Delorean’s trunk. On the ground behind me I saw a piece of folded paper. It must be a message from TrueMacedonian. It read, “Urgent matter to attend to! Do nothing without me!” The pro-Bulgarian article must have infuriated Tito, that’s why the team had to leave so early in the day. What other possible “urgent matter” could there be? I guess we won’t know until tomorrow! Having nothing more to do there, I left for the night. There will be plenty more days for adventure.

Essay 7 – GREECE: MADE IN GERMANY

secret place where the Delorean was hidden. Even before I had a chance to greet him, the words, “What happened yesterday?” came out of my mouth! Wasting no time TrueMacedonian went on to tell me a long story about the Bulgarian and Greek involvement in the anti-Macedonian propaganda in the Diaspora. As he continued to talk, I decided to take notes particularly about the Greeks and their lies. In summary, this is what TrueMacedonian said;

[quote]“MODERN GREECE: MADE IN GERMANY

The new state did not attach itself to its immediate past, as it had been preserved in the popular memory, but rather adapted itself to the popular image of the ancient Greek past already created in the West. Otto's father, King Ludwig I of Bavaria, was obsessed with ancient Greece and brought up his children with the aspiration that one day one of them would reign over this glorious land (1). The German obsession with the ancient Hellene city-states all began in the 18th century with a trickle through socialite circles and educational systems. Eventually this new cult of personality would take affect in the new land mass that would become known as Greece in 1821. In other words the Germans in effect created modern Greece and the modern Greeks on Romantic German Aryanist philology (2). It's the same Aryanism that Martin Bernal questioned in 1987 in which public passions were aroused by modern Greeks and scholars from around the world (3). Writer Nikos Dimou stated the following in a recent NY Times interview; “It’s the fault of a German,” Mr. Dimou said about Greek pride in this cause. He was referring to Johann Winckelmann, the 18th-century German art historian whose vision of an ancient Greece “populated by beautiful, tall, blond, wise people, representing perfection,” as Mr. Dimou put it, was in a sense imposed on the country to shape modern Greek identity. (4)

He also goes on to say;

“We used to speak Albanian and call ourselves Romans, but then Winckelmann, Goethe, Victor Hugo, Delacroix, they all told us, ‘No, you are Hellenes, direct descendants of Plato and Socrates,’ and that did it. If a small, poor nation has such a burden put on its shoulders, it will never recover.” (5)

What eventually led to the wide-spread phenomenon of these Aryanist values was through the Science of Antiquity a school where the study of classical civilization forged the discipline of the fictional Hellenic model. Scholar Stathis Gourgouris wrote the following in his book Dream Nation; “In practical terms, however, the historical absurdity of declaring Hellenic civilization the expression of a culture uncontaminated by foreign elements can be explained by a simple fact that usually tends to be disregarded - namely, that Hellenic civilization as we know it was in fact the invention of the ‘Science of Antiquity’, of classics. As such it could have been (and was) endowed with whatever signification the discipline found useful.” (6) With western help modern Greece won its independence and was put under Bavarian monarchical rule under the newly crowned King Otto, King Of Greece. If we go back in time to a place called Athens before it was made into the new “German made” kingdom what would we find hanging around the ruins? According to Edmond About close to the mid-nineteenth century "Athens, twenty five years ago, was only an Albanian village" and that "Athens has been rapidly peopled with men of all kinds of nations". He also goes on to say; “The Turkish village which formerly clustered round the base of the acropolis has not disappeared; it forms a whole quarter of the town....an immense majority of the population of this quarter is composed of Albanians.” (7) Eventually the new Bavarian monarchy would remedy this situation in not just Athens but all of “German made” Modern Greece. The Albanians of Athens and whatever else the other rabble of races was did not fit the mold of what Wincklemann's fantasy manifested in Germany and Western Europe. In 1834, it was decided to make Athens the new capital of the Kingdom of Otto's Greece. A German architect, Schaubert, was employed to create wide streets, the squares, the boulevards: and so Athens, which in 1834 was a village of 5,000 inhabitants had become in 1936 a city of over four hundred and fifty thousand (8). In essence we see that Germans literally created Modern Greece from the ground up. But Athens was only one area.

What about Sparta?

According to our source, Edmond About, "New Sparta is a creation of King Otto, who has formed the useless project of resuscitating all the great names of Greece." (9) Of course Sparta was at one time not only an Albanian stronghold but a major settlement for the Slavic tribes that

entered the Balkans in the 6th century AD. Traveler Peter Edmund Laurent made his way through Slavo-Sparta before the war for independence broke out. He said; "From their manners, their features, and the names of many of the neighboring places, I should be tempted to regard them as proceeding from Sclavonian blood: many travelers pretend, however, to have discovered in these barbarous hordes traces of a Spartan origin. (10). We can see why King Otto wanted to create New Sparta. Because Slavo-Sparta did not fit the Aryan German Hellenic ideal with all its Slavic place-names and uncouth manners. But re-creating a dead ancient civilization from the ground up was not the only task King Otto had in mind. The Bavarian masters had the church of Greece declared independent from the ecumenical church of Constantinople. The newly found church of Greece was from the beginning a prisoner of the autocratic, Bavarian ruled Greek state (11). According to historian William St. Claire German Made Greece "was essentially a Bavarian colony. (That Greece Might Still Be Free) 1-Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945) Volume II, page 308, written by Mary Kitroeff, edited by Balazs Trencsenyi and Michael Kopecek 2 & 3-Cultural Intimacy: Social poetics in the nation-state, pages 106-07, by Michael Herzfeld 4 & 5- Elgin Marble Argument in a New Light By MICHAEL KIMMELMAN Published: June 23, 2009 NY Times -http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/24/arts/ ... q=Albanian Marbles&st=cse&scp=1 6- Dream Nation, page 134, by Stathis Gourgouris 7- Greece and the Greeks of today, pages 32 and 160, by Edmond About 8- In the Steps of St.Paul, page 304, by H.V. Morton 9- Greece and the Greeks of today, pages 21-22, by Edmond About 10- Recollections of a Classical tour, page 182, by Peter Edmund Laurent 11- Salonica Terminus, page 43, by Fred A. Reed [/quote] As he continued to tell tales, I had to rudely interrupt him at the sight of Tito and the others appearing around the corner. “We will talk later,” were the last words TrueMacedonian said to me before I hopped into the Delorean’s trunk impatiently waiting for Tito’s next destination. Without saying a word to TrueMacedonian, Tito hopped aboard the Delorean and set the time dials for 1934. “We are going to Reno, Nevada, to June 25th, 1934.” And with those words he pushed the activation button and swish in seconds we were there. Sure enough the

mission was a success because the next day I found the following article;

[quote] “THE CULT OF ALEXANDER

IT IS not only Mussolini who is harking back to the ancient Romans for a means of inspiring modern Italy, or Hitler who turns to the old-time Teutons to give a model for the modern German. Greece begins to realize that it has heroes of its own and now General George Condylis, minister of War at Athens places his candidate for adulation before the descendents of the old Hellenes. It is no less a person than Alexander the Great. Condylis proposes to erect the ideal of Alexander into a real cult. A statue is to be raised to him at once in Athens, lectures have been organized at the university and schools, and the Alexandrian tactics and conquests are being studied as a means of giving the modern Greek some conception of what it meant to be one of his nations 2200 years ago. Which is all very well, but the truth is that the ancient Greeks scarcely admitted Alexander to be one of their blood. He was a Macedonian. The Athenians fought against allowing his father to enter their territory and the orations against Philip delivered by Demosthenes are regarded today as the most magnificent specimens of oratory. They have given a name to denunciatory speeches – Philippics. Alexander, it is true, overcame all this but he had to conquer the real Greeks to do it. His phalanx was a Macedonian phalanx and not a Greek one. His lieutenants and successors were Macedonians and not Greeks, although they spoke Greek and worshipped Greek gods. And as for Macedonia, it is even yet an uncertain possession either of Greece or Bulgaria. It still tries to be independent.” [/quote] (Reno Evening Gazette, Reno Nevada, Thursday, June 26th, 1934, page 5) Bravo Tito and the team! I know TrueMacedonian would not agree with the wording of this article, particularly the “implied” connection between the so-called “ancient Greeks” and the modern ones. I can just hear TrueMacedonian saying “There are no modern Greeks never mind being related in any way, shape or form to the so-called ancient Greeks. The modern Greeks are a modern philhellene manifestation. They are fakes and should have never been called Greeks. A better name for them would have been Arvanitovlachs, because that’s what they are!” The team was back in no time and went off again, this time to Newark, Ohio, to May 31st, 1939. Their mission was hardly worthwhile because the newspaper that was expected to carry a fantastic story only wrote the following;

[quote] “GREEK CHURCH PLANS SERVICES

Service next week in the Roumanian church, of the Greek Orthodox faith, was announced today. Service will be held Thursday, Friday and Saturday at 9 a.m. and Sunday at 8 a.m. in the church at Wirlwood and Poplar avenues. In addition to morning session, a service will be held on Thursday at 6 p.m. Rev. D. Justremicean of Detroit will conduct the services. It was announced that all Rumanians, Macedonians, Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbians are invited to attend.” [/quote] (The Advocate, Newark, Ohio, April 1st, 1939, page 3) Bravo Tito and the team, yet again you managed to put together a story with the word “Macedonians” in the same sentence as the words “Greeks”, “Serbians” and “Bulgarians”. This is no April fools joke! Macedonians in Newark, Ohio? I though “Macedonians” were “geographical” creatures, as some Greeks incessantly continue to claim, so why are they still called “Macedonians” in Ohio? Ah I get it! The preacher was inviting “ethnic Rumanians”, “geographical Macedonians”, “ethnic Greeks” and “ethnic Serbians” to his service. How silly of me! The team was back again and ready for their last mission of the day. Tito announced the next destination and off we went. The next day I found the results of this mission in the following story;

[quote] “BANDS OF GREEKS TERRORIZE MACEDONIANS

Yugoslav Charges

Allegations in Yugoslav newspapers that bands of Greek left wing guerrillas, under the command of General Zervas are making terror attacks against Macedonians have given rise to fears that international complications maybe in the making, says Associated Press Belgrade correspondent, - AAP.” [/quote] (The Argus, Melbourne, Australia, Wednesday, June 27, 1945, page 1) Many hours had passed as I awaited the team’s return, which by now was way overdue. I couldn’t imagine what the delay could have been? More hours passed and still no sign of them. By now it was dark and even if nothing was wrong, it was too late for the team to return. I did not dare move so I made myself comfortable in the Delorean’s trunk, preparing to spend the night there.

Essay 8 - Macedonian League

As I was rudely awakened by a metallic sound and a sudden flash of light, I felt stiffness in my neck and back and had a hell of a headache when the Delorean’s trunk burst open and bright light flooded the narrow, shallow chamber. “Water, water,” were the first words I uttered involuntarily as I attempted to focus my eyes on TrueMacedonian staring down at me. “Please help me out, I am stiff as a board and have one big headache,” I explained as he offered his hand to pull me out. The next thing I remember was gulping down liquid from his bottle of water. “It’s morning the next day,” TrueMacedonian explained without me having to ask. “We came back late last night and Tito insisted we all go home together for our safety so forgive me for leaving you in the trunk. I suspected you were asleep so I figured you would be safe until morning.” “So what happened?” I asked. “What delayed you?” “Well, it’s a bit embarrassing to say really, but let’s say that Tito had a ‘prolonged’ date with one of his female friends who kept us busy way into the wee hours of the night. Please stretch your legs now, go behind those bushes and let’s get you back in the trunk before the others arrive. Here, I will leave you some food in the trunk so that you won’t starve,” TrueMacedonian instructed as I made my way towards the bushes. I did as he asked and was back in the trunk just as the others were arriving around the corner. “I know you all didn’t get much sleep last night but that should not be an excuse for not doing your jobs professionally,” bellowed Tito as he boarded the Delorean. I guess this was his way of “greeting” the team. “This morning we are going to Massillon, Ohio, to Sunday, May 26th, 1935! Look alive,” Tito commanded as he set the time dials and pushed the activation button. Hmm, Sunday, it must be a special mission I thought, having no idea how special it would be until I read the next day’s newspaper, “The Evening Independent”;

[quote] “Macedonians to have convention

The Macedonian People’s league will hold its fifth annual convention at the German-American hall. 834 Grant St., Akron. Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday.

Approximately 100 delegates representing 36 groups in the United States and Canada with a membership of 1,200 will attend. Activities of the League will be discussed and a concrete plan for future campaigns in support of the struggle of the Macedonian people for a free Macedonia will be worked out. Thursday, the central committee will give out its annual report. That evening at 8 o’clock a banquet in honor of delegates and guests will be held. One of the features of the convention will be a mass demonstration from Perkins square to Pleasant park against the national and social oppression of the Macedonian people by the governments of Yugoslavia, Greece and Bulgaria, Sunday at 2 p.m. Besides the delegates and guests, many Akron workers and immigrants from the Balkan organizations will take part in the demonstration. Prominent speakers will have addresses.” [/quote] (The Evening Independent, Massillon, Ohio, Monday, May 27, 1935). Macedonian People’s league? I thought Macedonians did not exist before 1945. Was this an “ethnic” Macedonian People’s league or a “geographical” one? What do you say Greeks? Looking a bit lethargic the team returned and hurriedly left for its next mission. This time they went to New York, to 1940. The next day the following article appeared;

[quote] “Macedonian League Urges its Members to back U.S. Defense

Buffalo, Sept. 3. – Americans of Macedonian descent are urged in a resolution of the Macedonian People’s League of the United States. The resolution, adopted at the closing session of the League’s annual convention yesterday, also favors support for the national defense program ‘as long as it does not encourage fighting abroad’. Snearie Voyeanoss, Pontiac, Mich., was reelected national chairman, and Garry, Ind., was chosen for the 1940 meeting. Other officers are George Pirinsky, Detroit, Mich., national secretary; Dr. George Popoff, Buffalo, Michael Jovaehess, Detroit, Mich., William Popoff, Garry, Ind., Thomas Tavgos, Massillon, O., and William Goushiess, Mediscon, Dl., directors.” [/quote] (Syracuse Herald Journal, Tuesday, September 3rd, 1940) “Oh my they are back so quickly,” was my reaction when the team returned but more surprising was my reaction when I heard Tito say that they were actually going to ‘Athens’ next. To Athens? Isn’t that like entering the bear’s den? I didn’t realize what Tito was up to until I read the following article the next day;

[quote] “GREEK ARMS